东汉末年，就在曹操初步显示出他的政治远见和英雄气概时，另一些人却在表现着自己的蛮横和愚蠢。正是他们的蛮横和愚蠢成就了曹操的盖世功业。董卓、袁绍、袁术，这三个乱世枭雄，他们最终为什么会失败？《易中天品三国之一错再错》即将播出，敬请关注。
在中国历史上，如何对待皇帝是一个重大的政治问题，稍有不慎就会导致灭顶之灾。董卓、袁绍、袁术，这三个乱世枭雄恰恰在这个重大政治问题上一错再错，结果是千夫所指，身败名裂。那么，他们在皇位的问题上究竟犯了什么错误呢？厦门大学易中天教授将用当代视角为我们精彩品读三国——“一错再错”。
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, just as Cao Cao initially demonstrated his political vision and heroic spirit, others were displaying their arrogance and stupidity. It was their arrogance and stupidity that made Cao Cao’s unparalleled achievements. Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, these three heroes in troubled times, why did they ultimately fail? “Yi Zhong Tian Pin: One Mistake and Another Mistake of the Three Kingdoms” will be broadcast soon. Please pay attention.
In Chinese history, how to treat emperors is a major political issue, and a slight carelessness can lead to disaster. Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shao, and Yuan Shu, the three warlords of the troubled times, made repeated mistakes on this major political issue, resulting in widespread accusations and discredit. So, what mistakes did they make on the question of the throne? Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University will use a contemporary perspective to provide us with a wonderful reading of the Three Kingdoms – “make mistakes again and again.”.
易中天：
在上一集我们讲到，在公元190年到公元200年这十年当中，只有曹操才当之无愧地可以称得上是“乱世英雄”。而其他那些人呢？其中最厉害的、最有能耐的、最有志向的、最有野心的，董卓、袁绍、袁术，那只能叫做“乱世枭雄”，而且他们在一个重大的政治问题上犯了严重的错误，这个问题就是如何对待现任皇帝。
为什么说这是一个重大政治问题呢？因为我们知道，当时的制度是帝国制度，帝国是以皇帝为国家元首和国家象征的，所以对待现任皇帝的态度在当时是一个重大的政治问题，谁要是在这个问题上犯了错误，那可能就会一败涂地，而且永世不得翻身。那我们就来看看董卓、袁绍、袁术他们三个人是怎么做的。
Yi Zhongtian:
In the previous episode, we mentioned that during the ten years from AD 190 to AD 200, only Cao Cao deserved to be called a “hero in troubled times.”. And what about the others? Among them, the most powerful, capable, ambitious, and ambitious ones, Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shao, and Yuan Shu, can only be called “heroes in troubled times”, and they have made serious mistakes on a major political issue, which is how to treat the current emperor.
Why is this a major political issue? “As we know, the system at that time was an imperial system, with the emperor as the head of state and symbol of the country. Therefore, the attitude towards the current emperor was a major political issue at that time. If anyone made a mistake on this issue, they might be completely defeated and never turn over.”. Let’s take a look at how Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shao, and Yuan Shu did it.
＊公元189年，汉灵帝驾崩，留下何皇后和两个未成年的儿子。孤儿寡母根本就守不住江山，掌握政权的士人集团和官宦集团也在宫廷斗争中两败俱伤。这时，董卓就乘虚而入，兵进洛阳，控制了朝政，将帝国的京城置于他的血腥统治之下。此时，他当皇帝的野心也就充分暴露出来。那么，面对现任的皇帝，董卓是如何对待的呢？
董卓对待现任皇帝的态度最野蛮，他的做法是“废立”，就是废掉现任皇帝，另外再立一个皇帝。废掉当时的皇帝，在历史上叫做少帝的刘辩，立谁呢，立刘辩弟弟陈留王刘协。董卓一进京，就提出了这个打算，那么董卓为什么要换这个皇帝呢？他自己的说法是少帝刘辩懦弱愚昧，不堪为人主，而陈留王刘协呢，聪明睿智，有帝王之像，甚至有圣主之像，可以比尧舜。
In 189 AD, Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty died, leaving Empress He and two minor sons behind. Orphans and widows were simply unable to defend the country, and the scholarly and official groups that held power were also defeated in the court struggle. At this time, Dong Zhuo took advantage of the situation and entered Luoyang, taking control of the imperial government, placing the imperial capital under his bloody rule. At this time, his ambition to become emperor was fully exposed. So, how did Dong Zhuo treat the current emperor?
Dong Zhuo’s attitude towards the current emperor is the most brutal. His approach is to “abolish the establishment”, which means to abolish the current emperor and establish another emperor. Abolish the emperor at that time, who was called Shaodi in history, Liu Bian, and who was appointed? Liu Bian’s younger brother, Chen Liuwang, Liu Xie. As soon as Dong Zhuo entered Beijing, he proposed this plan. So why did Dong Zhuo change this emperor? His own statement is that the young emperor Liu argued that he was weak and foolish, and could not be the master of others. However, the Chen Liuwang Liu Xiemine was intelligent and wise, with the image of an emperor or even a saint, comparable to Yao and Shun.
这个说法也不是一点道理都没有，当时的情况是怎么样的呢？董卓还没有进京，宦官集团和士人集团就打起来了，策划董卓进京的大将军何进被宦官所杀，然后宦官们劫持了当时的皇帝和他的弟弟刘协逃出京城。路上这些宦官们打不过袁绍的军队，也死的死逃的逃，那么这个少帝和陈留王哥俩一个十四岁一个九岁流落民间，千辛万苦最后才回到了京城，这时候董卓的军队已经来到了洛阳城边，于是就来接驾。当时少帝和陈留王已经被官员们找着了，一个队伍也就往京城里面走，打头的就是前面我们讲过的那个花钱买官的崔烈，崔烈看到董卓的军队过来以后崔烈就大吼了一声：董卓回避，圣驾在此。董卓说，你们这些人连个国家都治理不好，有什么资格要我回避啊？然后走到皇上面前，说皇上，我是董卓。刘辩就哇地一声哭了，我要妈妈。董卓就想，这这，这哪像个皇上啊？然后又走到陈留王刘协的跟前说，王爷，我是董卓，你骑我的马吧，董卓把刘协抱到自己的马上，然后问最近发什么些什么事。九岁的陈留王对答如流，说得头头是道。哎，董卓说这个像皇帝，回去把他换了。
This statement is not entirely unreasonable. What was the situation at that time? Before Dong Zhuo entered the capital, the eunuch group and the scholar group fought. He Jin, the general who planned Dong Zhuo’s entry into the capital, was killed by the eunuchs, and then the eunuchs kidnapped the then emperor and his brother Liu Xie and escaped from the capital. On the way, these eunuchs were unable to defeat Yuan Shao’s army, and they also died and fled. Then, the Shaodi and Chen Liuwang, who were both fourteen and nine years old, wandered among the people and finally returned to the capital through countless hardships. By this time, Dong Zhuo’s army had already arrived at the edge of Luoyang City, so they came to pick up the driver. At that time, Shaodi and Chen Liuwang had already been found by officials, and a team went into the capital. The first one was Cui Lie, who had spent money to buy officials as we mentioned earlier. When Cui Lie saw Dong Zhuo’s army coming, Cui Lie roared loudly, “Dong Zhuo evades, the Holy Master is here.”. Dong Zhuo said, “You people can’t even govern a country well. What qualifications do you have for me to avoid?”? Then he walked up to the emperor and said, “Your Majesty, I am Dong Zhuo.”. Liu Bian burst into tears. I want my mother. Dong Zhuo thought, ‘This, this, which is like an emperor?’? Then he walked up to Chen Liu Wang Liu Xie and said, “Lord, this is Dong Zhuo. You can ride my horse. Dong Zhuo took Liu Xie to his horse and asked what happened recently.”. At the age of nine, Chen Liuwang answered fluently and spoke eloquently. Hey, Dong Zhuo said this looks like an emperor. Go back and replace him.
