赤壁之战后，曹操又进行了三次战争，即破马超、韩遂，征孙权，伐张鲁。三次战争时间都很短，曹操甚至宁肯半途而废也要返回邺城。那么，曹操为什么要这样做呢？他每次都匆匆忙忙赶了回去，究竟是要做什么呢？厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩品三国之——得寸进尺。
在上一集易中天先生讲到，曹操在赤壁之战后进行了三次战争，即破马超、韩遂，征孙权，伐张鲁。三次战争，都是半途而废。刘备的谋士法正认为，这一定是因为曹操的后方有更严重的问题，要等着他回去解决。那么，曹操三次出征，三次都从战场上匆忙地赶回去，是像法正说的那样，曹操的后方出了问题，要等着他回去解决吗？如果是这个原因的话，那是什么问题如此重要，会让曹操宁愿在战场上半途而废，也要匆匆忙忙赶回后方呢？厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩品三国之“得寸进尺”。
After the Battle of Chibi, Cao Cao waged three more wars, namely, breaking Ma Chao and Han Sui, conquering Sun Quan, and attacking Zhang Lu. The time of the three wars was very short, and Cao Cao even preferred to give up halfway and return to Yecheng. So why did Cao Cao do this? Every time he hurried back, what exactly was he going to do? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful tasting of one of the Three Kingdoms.
In the previous episode, Mr. Yi Zhongtian mentioned that Cao Cao carried out three wars after the Battle of Chibi, namely, defeating Ma Chao and Han Sui, conquering Sun Quan, and attacking Zhang Lu. The three wars were all abandoned halfway. Liu Bei’s counselor Fazheng believed that this must be because Cao Cao had a more serious problem in the rear, waiting for him to go back and solve it. So, Cao Cao went on three expeditions and hurried back from the battlefield three times. As Fazheng said, there was a problem in Cao Cao’s rear area. Should we wait for him to go back and solve it? If that is the reason, what is the issue so important that Cao Cao would rather give up halfway on the battlefield than hurry back to the rear? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful tasting of the Three Kingdoms.
易中天：
上一集我们讲到，曹操得陇不望蜀，半途而废，其原因呢？刘备的二号谋士法正认为是他“内有忧逼”。那么是这样的吗？是这样的。曹操他不是自立门户，他是“奉天子以令不臣”，或者说是“挟天子以令诸侯”，他是利用大汉王朝的现成的政权来做他自己的事情。这个东西就搞不太清楚了，那在朝廷里做官的有的是他曹操的人，有的不是他曹操的人，是原来这个大汉王朝的官员。所以曹操这边，大后方即大前方，他是腹背受敌、两面作战，朝廷里面蔑视、嫉妒、反感、仇恨曹操，打他主意，看他笑话的，大有人在。而且这些人情况也很复杂，战前战后不一样，我说的战是指赤壁之战。赤壁之战以前，曹操基本上是一路凯歌；而且曹操这个时候对皇帝、对百官应该说态度也比较好，大家还觉得他是一个要匡复汉室、平定天下、统一国家的这么一个英雄，所以虽然有些人跟他面和心不和，大家也还比较客气，攻击他的人不太多。但是赤壁之战以后，大家发现曹操这个人他也有失败的时候，一些本来就反对他的人就开始做文章了。
Yi Zhongtian:
In the previous episode, we talked about the reason why Cao Cao gave up halfway when he got to Long and didn’t expect Shu? Liu Bei’s No. 2 counselor method is precisely believed to be his “internal worries and coercion.”. Is that so? That’s true. “Cao Cao did not establish a family on his own. He was” serving the Son of Heaven to order but not to obey “, or” coercing the Son of Heaven to order the princes “. He was using the existing regime of the Han Dynasty to do his own things.”. “I’m not quite sure about this. Some of the officials in the court were Cao Cao people, some were not Cao Cao people, but were officials of the original Han Dynasty.”. So on Cao Cao’s side, the rear area is the front area. He is facing enemies from both sides, fighting on both sides. In the imperial court, there are many people who despise, envy, resent, and hate Cao Cao. They make ideas and laugh at him. Moreover, the situation of these people is very complex, and it is different before and after the war. By war, I mean the Battle of Chibi. Before the Battle of Chibi, Cao Cao basically sang triumphantly all the way; Moreover, Cao Cao’s attitude towards the emperor and the officials was also relatively good at this time. Everyone still believed that he was a hero who wanted to recover the Han family, pacify the world, and unify the country. Therefore, although some people disagreed with him in face and heart, everyone was also relatively polite, and there were not many people attacking him. However, after the Battle of Chibi, it was discovered that Cao Cao had also failed, and some people who had originally opposed him began to write articles.
＊赤壁之战曹操虽然战败，但他作为汉朝丞相的地位并没有改变，曹操实际上仍然掌握着汉朝的政权。朝廷上那些反对他的人，就开始大做文章，朝廷之外更有敌人骂他是“托名汉相，实为汉贼”。那么这个时候的曹操，是从此收敛野心，态度放谦卑了，还是根本不在乎别人的说法，依然我行我素呢？
而曹操怎么样呢？赤壁之战以后，他的功劳比以前小，野心倒比以前大；成绩比以前少，态度倒比以前坏。这当然引起大家的不满意了，攻击他的人就多起来了。那么攻击他的人当中也是有两拨人：一拨我们姑且称之为小人，就是本来就是看到谁红了他就对谁不满意的，他就是要整谁、挑谁毛病、找谁茬的，有这么一拨；还有一拨呢，确实是忠于大汉王朝的，就觉得曹操是不是要篡汉啊。那么在这样一个情况下，曹操的大后方是很不稳定的，所以曹操是腹背受敌、两面作战。这点曹操心里非常地清楚，所以他在建安十五年，也就是赤壁之战一年多两年以后，发了一条教令，叫做《让县自明本志令》，又叫《述志令》。
Although Cao Cao was defeated in the Battle of Chibi, his position as the prime minister of the Han Dynasty did not change. Cao Cao actually still controlled the political power of the Han Dynasty. Those who opposed him in the imperial court began to make a big fuss, and even more enemies outside the court called him “a traitor in the name of Han Xiang.”. So at this time, did Cao Cao ever curb his ambition and become humble, or did he just ignore what others said and still go his own way?
And what about Cao Cao? After the Battle of Chibi, his contribution was smaller than before, but his ambition was greater than before; Achievements are less than before, but attitudes are worse than before. This of course caused dissatisfaction among everyone, and more people attacked him. There are also two groups of people who attack him: a group of people we call villains, who are not satisfied with who they see as red. They are those who want to punish, find fault with, and find fault with; There are still a few who are truly loyal to the Han Dynasty. I wonder if Cao Cao is trying to usurp the Han Dynasty. In such a situation, Cao Cao’s rear area is very unstable, so Cao Cao is facing enemies from both sides and fighting on both sides. Cao Cao knew this very well in his heart, so in the fifteenth year of Jian’an, more than a year or two after the Battle of Chibi, he issued a decree called “The Order of Rangxian Ziming’s Original Annals,” also known as “The Order of Shuzhi.”.
＊“令”是中国古代上级告谕下级的一种文书。曹操写《让县自明本志令》的背景，是因为在建安十五年，也就是公元210年，汉献帝又给曹操加封土地和人口，以表彰曹操巩固汉朝政权、统一中国北方的功绩。但同时，朝廷上也有反对曹操的声音，认为曹操是一个要篡汉自立的“汉贼”。在这种情况下，曹操写出《让县自明本志令》以表明心志。
“让县”就是将汉献帝封给曹操的三县、两万户让出去。在这篇文章中，曹操说自己起初只想做好一个地方郡守，世道混乱，便想隐居乡下，后来兴兵讨伐董卓，也没有多大的志向。然后，曹操历数自己的功绩，表明自己功业虽大，但无代汉自立之心。最后，笔锋转到当前，说封给他的土地可以退，也就是曹操可以“让县”，但兵权不能放弃。文章叙述了曹操在不同形势下，产生的不同愿望，写得十分坦率。
“Order” is a kind of document used by ancient Chinese superiors to inform their subordinates. The background for Cao Cao’s writing of “Rangxian Ziming Benzhi Ling” is that in the 15th year of Jian’an, that is, AD 210, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty granted Cao Cao land and population, in recognition of Cao Cao’s achievements in consolidating the Han Dynasty regime and unifying northern China. However, at the same time, there were also voices opposing Cao Cao in the court, believing that Cao Cao was a “Han thief” who wanted to usurp Han’s independence. In this case, Cao Cao wrote the “Let the County Self Clarify the Original Annals” to indicate his aspiration.
“Rang County” refers to letting out the three counties and 20000 households granted to Cao Cao by Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. In this article, Cao Cao said that he only wanted to be a local governor at first, but the world was chaotic, so he wanted to live in seclusion in the countryside. Later, he launched a military campaign against Dong Zhuo, but he didn’t have much ambition. Then, Cao Cao counted his achievements, indicating that although his achievements were great, he had no desire to stand on his own behalf for the Han Dynasty. Finally, Bi Feng turned to the current situation and said that the land granted to him could be returned, which means that Cao Cao could “let the county”, but military power cannot be abandoned. The article describes Cao Cao’s different aspirations under different circumstances, and is very frank.
但是现在看来，这个事情是曹操自编自导自演的一场作秀的、沽名钓誉的把戏。因为，曹操是不是真要让县呢？是的，他的这个新加封的三县、两万户确实是让出去了，退回去了；但是几天以后，他的三个儿子封侯，曹植封平原侯，曹据封范阳侯，曹豹封饶阳侯。这三个侯，每个食五千户，那就是什么意思呢？就是曹操让了三个县，自己没要了，他儿子一人得一个。曹操让出去了两万户，他三个儿子加起来得了一万五千户，只少了五千户，对不对？但是这三个儿子的三个封地是一个州一个，都是战略要地，你说曹操他是赚了还是赔了？这是第一点。
第二点，如果曹操是诚心诚意地要让县，是谦让，他应该给皇帝上一封表章，他应该打报告给皇帝。他没有，他下一道命令给下面。他不是表章，是教令；他不是奏上，是临下。什么意思呢？就是借这个事，说他想说的话。就像现在的公众人物、影视明星，他制造一个事件，然后趁机开一个新闻发布会，把自己想说的话说出去，一个道理。——所以有些人根据曹操让县是假，推论说曹操的《让县自明本志令》说的也是假话，这是不通的。因为曹操这个借让县来发布《让县自明本志令》，借用现在的话说叫作“借壳上市”，他本来就是借这个事儿来说事儿的。所以曹操的《让县自明本志令》里面说的，基本上是真话，大部分是真话。比方说他明确表示，权力我是不让的，军权我是不交的，我要交出去了以后你们要害我的，我的老婆孩子不得安宁的，这些话都是真话啊，怎么是假话呢？所以让县是假，说话是真。假戏真做，真戏假做，半真半假，半虚半实，这就是曹操的高明的地方。
But now, it seems that this matter is a show and a game of fishing for fame and reputation that Cao Cao wrote, directed, and performed himself. Because, is Cao Cao really going to let the county? Yes, his newly sealed three counties and 20000 households have indeed been let out and returned; But a few days later, his three sons were granted the Marquis, Cao Zhi the Marquis of Pingyuan, Cao Zhi the Marquis of Fan Yang, and Cao Bao the Marquis of Raoyang. These three marquises each feed 5000 households. What does that mean? It was Cao Cao who gave up three counties, but he didn’t want it anymore. His son got one each. Cao Cao sent out 20000 households, but his three sons added up to 15000 households, leaving only 5000 households missing, right? But the three fiefdoms of these three sons are one state and one strategic area. Do you think Cao Cao earned or lost? This is the first point.
Secondly, if Cao Cao sincerely wants to make concessions to the county and is modest, he should give the emperor a seal and report to the emperor. He didn’t, he gave the next command to the following. He is not a badge, he is a decree; He’s not playing up, he’s playing down. What does it mean? Just borrow this matter and say what he wants to say. Just like current public figures and movie stars, he creates an event and then takes the opportunity to hold a news conference to say what he wants to say, which is a truth—— Therefore, some people infer that Cao Cao’s “Empowerment of the County to Self Ming” is also a lie based on the fact that Cao Cao’s Empowerment of the County is false, which is not feasible. “Because Cao Cao borrowed the county to issue the” Order of the County to Self Clarify the Original Annals “, which is now referred to as” backdoor listing “. He originally used this matter to talk about things.”. So what Cao Cao said in his “Rangxian Ziming Benzhi Ling” is basically true, and most of it is true. For example, he clearly stated that I will not allow power, and I will not hand over military power. After I hand over it, you will kill me, and my wife and children will not be peaceful. These words are all true. How can they be false? So let the county be false and the words be true. “To pretend to be real, to pretend to be real, to be half true and half false, to be half virtual and half real, is the brilliance of Cao Cao.”.
而且，曹操的这个《让县自明本志令》他说得很清楚，他说我为什么要发布这样一个教令呢？就是想让天下人都给我把嘴巴闭起来，他的原话叫做“欲人言尽”。我自己把话说完了，我这个小时候是怎么样的，我有没有野心？我也有野心的，我野心是一点一点大的，现在我的野心就是要做齐桓公、晋文公，你们要我退下去那我是不干的。让你没话说。
＊曹操发布《让县自明本志令》，坦率地表明了自己的心态，对某些不利于自己的言论进行了反驳。并且还做出了实际行动，把汉献帝封给他的三县、两万户让了出去。曹操这样做，是为了反击政敌的攻击，堵住别人的嘴。那么，曹操的《让县自明本志令》发布后，结果是怎么样的呢？
Moreover, Cao Cao made it very clear in his “Order to Let the County Self Clarify the Original Annals”. He said why should I issue such a decree? “I just want everyone in the world to shut their mouths for me. His original phrase is” I want everyone to say everything. “”. I have finished speaking myself. What was my childhood like? Do I have any ambitions? “I have ambitions, too. My ambitions are a bit larger. Now my ambition is to become Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin. If you want me to step down, I won’t do it.”. Let you have nothing to say.
“Cao Cao issued the” Rangxian Ziming Benzhi Order “, which frankly stated his attitude and refuted some remarks that were not conducive to him.”. And he also made practical actions to let out the three counties and 20000 households granted to him by Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty. Cao Cao did this in order to counter the attacks of his political enemies and block the mouths of others. So, what was the result after the release of Cao Cao’s “Let the County Self Ming Local Records Order”?
结果是大家继续在说，并没有因为他发布了这样一道《让县志明本志令》大家就不说话了。也就是说，曹操的本意是“欲人言尽”，实际上的结果是谤议不止，说的人更多了。所以，曹操他很清楚，他绝不能长时间地离开政治中心。所以他在赤壁之战之后，每次出去打仗时间都不长，他要回来，前两次战争七个月，最后一次一年，他就回到了邺城。
As a result, everyone continued to speak, and it was not because he issued such a “Let the County Magistrate Make This Magistrate Order” that everyone stopped speaking. In other words, Cao Cao’s original intention was to “desire others to speak out”, but in fact, the result was more abuse and more people talking. Therefore, Cao Cao is very clear that he must not leave the political center for a long time. So after the Battle of Chibi, each time he went out to fight for a short time, he wanted to come back. Seven months after the first two wars, and one year after the last one, he returned to Yecheng.
＊曹操知道自己大权独揽，朝廷中有人不服，所以他发布《让县志明本志令》想堵住别人的嘴。而且他每次出征，在很短的时间内就要返回，也是因为他对后方不放心。这样一来，曹操的军事行动总是不能做彻底，往往会遭受损失。那么在军事上遭受损失后，他在政治上又是怎样做的呢？
＊曹操虽然发布了《让县志明本志令》，表明了心志，但他知道朝廷中还有人不服，对他有信任危机。所以，在赤壁之战后，曹操三次出征，三次匆忙赶回，就是因为他要回来进行他的政治斗争，要赢回政治牌。由于曹操大权独揽，因此，虽然他在军事上有半途而废之嫌，但在政治上仍有呼风唤雨的能力。那么，三次半途而废的战争后，曹操在政治上得到了什么了呢？
“Cao Cao knew that he was in power and that some people in the court were not convinced, so he issued the” Let the County Magistrate Ming Ben Zhi Ling “to try to block others’ mouths.”. Moreover, every time he goes on an expedition, he has to return in a very short time, which is also because he is uneasy about the rear. As a result, Cao Cao’s military operations were always incomplete and often suffered losses. So what did he do politically after suffering military losses?
“Although Cao Cao issued the” Order to Clear the County Annals “, indicating his intentions, he knew that there were still people in the imperial court who were not convinced, and there was a crisis of trust in him.”. Therefore, after the Battle of Chibi, Cao Cao set out three times and rushed back three times, precisely because he wanted to come back to carry out his political struggle and win back his political cards. Due to Cao Cao’s monopoly of power, although he was suspected of giving up halfway in military affairs, he still had the ability to call the wind and call the rain in politics. So, after three wars that ended halfway, what did Cao Cao gain politically?
