Kill with a Borrowed Sword

三国时代,口若悬河的祢衡,建安七子之一的孔融,都是才华横溢的人才,但最终的结局都很悲惨。祢衡被黄祖所杀,孔融被曹操所杀,其中,祢衡的死还让曹操背负了一个骂名。那么在曹操唯才是举的观念里,为什么容不下这两个一等一的人才?敬请关注《易中天品三国》之——借刀杀人。

在上期节目中易中天先生讲到,二十年来,为曹操看家护院、出谋划策、尽心尽力的荀彧因为与曹操政见不同而翻脸,最终忧郁而死。荀彧的死没能遏止曹操野心的膨胀,因为此刻的曹操已经走火入魔,为了最高权力,他一直在继续杀人,而且,早在荀彧之前他就杀过人。那么,曹操还杀过谁,又为什么要杀呢?厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》,为您精彩品三国之“借刀杀人”。

In the Three Kingdoms era, the eloquent You Heng and Kong Rong, one of the seven sons of Jian’an, were talented people, but the final outcome was tragic. “You Heng was killed by Huang Zu, and Kong Rong was killed by Cao Cao. Among them, your death also caused Cao Cao to bear a bad name.”. So in Cao Cao’s concept of meritocracy, why can’t we accommodate these two first-class talents? Please pay attention to “Yi Zhong Tian Pin Three Kingdoms” – murder with a sword.
In the last program, Mr. Yi Zhongtian mentioned that over the past 20 years, Xunyu, who had been guarding Cao Cao’s house, providing advice, and making every effort, turned his face because of his political differences with Cao Cao, and finally died of depression. The death of Xunyu failed to stop the expansion of Cao Cao’s ambition, because at the moment, Cao Cao had become possessed by the devil. In order to exercise supreme power, he had continued to kill people, and he had killed people long before Xunyu. So, who else did Cao Cao kill and why? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful tasting of the Three Kingdoms: “Killing with a Sword.”.

易中天:

实际上曹操早就在杀人,杀什么人?杀反对他的人。但是曹操在这样做的时候,面临着一个矛盾,什么矛盾呢?就是曹操一贯鼓励说真话,这不是假的,是真的。因为曹操非常明白,对他说真话对他有好处,他是真心实意地希望他的部下和朝廷的大臣能够对他说真话,能够真诚地指出他的错误和不足,这是真诚的。但是另一方面,他又必须镇压他的反对派。那么如何解决这当中的矛盾呢,一方面保证大家能够说真话,另一方面他又能够镇压他的反对派?曹操的做法是区分善意反对和恶毒攻击,他把这两个东西区分开来,善意的反对他鼓励,恶毒的攻击他镇压。那你又怎么样区分善意的反对和恶毒的攻击呢?你怎么搞得清楚呢?曹操的办法是看三点:第一,看你是提意见还是唱反调;第二,看你是闹别扭还是搞阴谋;第三,看你是一个人还是一伙人。如果这个反对派只是一个人,这个人又不过是闹别扭,并没有背后搞阴谋,他的那些反对都是当面说出来的,尽管是唱反调,曹操也不一定杀,比方说祢衡。

Yi Zhongtian:
Actually, Cao Cao has been killing people for a long time. Who are you killing? Kill those who oppose him. But when Cao Cao did this, he faced a contradiction. What contradiction? It is Cao Cao who always encourages telling the truth, which is not false, it is true. “Because Cao Cao knew very well that it would be good for him to speak the truth to him. He sincerely hoped that his subordinates and ministers of the court could speak the truth to him and sincerely point out his mistakes and shortcomings, which was sincere.”. But on the other hand, he must suppress his opposition. So how can we solve the contradiction? On the one hand, we can ensure that everyone can tell the truth, on the other hand, he can suppress his opposition? Cao Cao’s approach is to distinguish between friendly opposition and malicious attacks. He distinguishes the two things, encouraging friendly opposition and suppressing malicious attacks. How do you distinguish between friendly opposition and malicious attack? How did you figure it out? Cao Cao’s approach is to look at three points: first, to see whether you are raising opinions or singing the tune; Second, it depends on whether you are making trouble or plotting; Third, it depends whether you are alone or a group of people. “If the opposition is just one person, this person is just making trouble and has no conspiracy behind his back. His objections are all expressed face to face. Even if it is a counterpoint, Cao Cao may not necessarily kill, such as You Heng.”.

祢衡这个人的特点是什么呢?目空一切,恃才傲物,谁都看不起。喜欢他的只有一个人,就是孔融。孔融认为祢衡这个人是一等一的人才,不断地向朝廷上书推荐,把这个祢衡说得简直是旷世奇才,好得不能再好,也向曹操推荐。那我们知道曹操这个人是主张唯才是举,他是个爱才的人,所以曹操也想见一见这个祢衡。但是祢衡瞧不起曹操,骨子里面瞧不起,不愿意去见曹操,自称狂病,说我这个人有病,而且是精神病,我不能去见你;但是背后又不停地说曹操的坏话。这些坏话当然会传到曹操的耳朵里,曹操你要知道手下是有特务的,说“说曹操,曹操到”,什么意思,你在背后议论曹操,曹操来了,有人在打小报告啊,他的这个耳目和线人是很多的,那么祢衡说他的坏话他当然是知道的。

What are the characteristics of you Heng? Overlooking and arrogant, no one looks down upon them. The only person who likes him is Kong Rong. Kong Rong believes that you Heng is a first-class talent, and constantly recommends you to the court in letters. He describes you Heng as a rare talent, and cannot be better. He also recommends you to Cao Cao. “Then we know that Cao Cao is a person who advocates meritocracy. He is a person who loves talent, so Cao Cao also wants to see this You Heng.”. But you despise Cao Cao, despise him from the bottom of your heart, and don’t want to see him. You call yourself crazy and say that I am sick and mentally ill, so I can’t go to see you; But he kept saying bad things about Cao Cao behind his back. “Of course, these bad words will spread to Cao Cao’s ears. Cao Cao, you need to know that his subordinates have spies and say, ‘Speak of Cao Cao, come of Cao Cao’. What do you mean? You’re talking about Cao Cao behind your back, he’s here, and someone is making a small report. His ears and informants are many, so of course, you Heng knows when you say bad things about him.”.

但是,根据曹操的这个原则,他很清楚地知道祢衡他不是一个搞阴谋的小集团、一个利益集团,就是这么个人,所以他不打算杀祢衡,但是要杀一杀他的威风。他听说祢衡会击鼓,鼓敲得非常漂亮,他就任命祢衡为鼓吏,然后大摆宴席,叫祢衡来击鼓。祢衡来了,来了以后就开始击鼓,这个鼓我也不知道是个什么样的鼓,这个鼓敲得非常漂亮,所有的人都被祢衡的鼓声所感动。祢衡一边击鼓,一边往前走,走到了曹操的跟前。这个时候负责礼仪的官员就过来拦住他,祢衡,懂不懂规矩?鼓吏有专门的制服,你怎么不换衣服就来了?祢衡说,诺,然后开始脱衣服,不是要我换衣服吗,脱得一丝不挂,赤身裸体站在曹操跟前,然后不慌不忙再拿起鼓吏的衣服来,一件一件又穿上去,穿完了以后继续击鼓,面不改色心不跳,非常的坦然。这下曹操弄得下不了台了,但是曹操毕竟是曹操啊,可爱的奸雄,这个可爱的奸雄就呵呵一笑,呵呵呵,你看,你看这,诸位你看这算什么事嘛你说这?这我本来是想羞辱一下祢衡的,他把我羞辱了,散会散会散会。

However, according to Cao Cao’s principle, he clearly knows that you Heng is not a conspiracy group, an interest group, or just such a person. Therefore, he does not intend to kill you Heng, but he wants to kill his authority. “He heard that you Heng can play drums, and the drums are very beautiful. He appointed you Heng as a drum official, and then held a banquet to invite you Heng to play drums.”. “You Heng came, and when you came, you began to beat drums. I don’t know what kind of drum this drum is. It was played beautifully, and everyone was moved by your Heng’s sound.”. As you beat the drum, you walked forward and came to Cao Cao. At this moment, the official in charge of etiquette will come and stop him. Do you understand the rules? Drum officials have special uniforms. Why did you come here without changing your clothes? “You Heng said, ‘Nuo, then I started to take off my clothes. Didn’t you want me to change my clothes? I took off completely naked and stood naked in front of Cao Cao, then calmly picked up the drum official’s clothes and put them on one by one. After I finished wearing them, I continued to beat drums, my face unchanged, my heart still beating, and I was unusually calm.”. “Now, Cao Cao is so overwhelmed, but after all, Cao Cao is Cao Cao, a cute traitor. This cute traitor just chuckles, hehehehe, look at this, everyone. What do you think this is?”? “I originally wanted to humiliate You Heng, but he humiliated me. The meeting ended.”.

这个事情倒是孔融看不下去了,因为祢衡是孔融推荐的嘛。孔融就跑去找祢衡说,兄弟,你怎么这样做事情呢?给你讲,曹公确实是爱才啊,他知道你是人才,我也一再推荐你是人才,他是真心实意地想使用你这个人才的,你不要这样嘛。祢衡说,好好好,我去见他。那么孔融听了这个消息马上报告曹操,说祢衡他认错了,他又来见你。曹操说好啊,只要他肯来我也不计较了,就吩咐门房,说你们注意点儿,祢衡一来立刻通报,我在房子里等着。等了老半天,他不来。等到曹操不耐烦的时候祢衡来了,穿了一件单布衣,头上戴了一个布头巾,手上拿了一个木棍棍,往曹操的门口一站,就开始骂。而且用他的棍子敲着节奏骂,非常有节奏感地骂曹操。这下子曹操实在是忍无可忍,曹操就跟孔融说:你看看,你这推荐的是什么人?你以为我杀不了他?我杀他这小子,我跟杀只麻雀、杀只老鼠也没什么区别。算了算了算了,叫他滚蛋,刘表不是也在招揽人才吗?上刘表那儿去,打发到刘表那儿去了。

Kong Rong couldn’t stand this matter anymore, because you Heng was recommended by Kong Rong. Kong Rong ran to you and said, “Brother, how can you do something like this?”? To tell you, Duke Cao really loves talent. He knows you are a talent, and I have repeatedly recommended you as a talent. He sincerely wants to use you as a talent, so don’t you do that. “You Heng said, ‘Okay, okay, I’ll go see him.'”. So Kong Rong immediately reported the news to Cao Cao and said that you Heng had made a mistake, and he came to see you again. “Cao Cao said well, as long as he is willing to come, I won’t care. I’ll tell the concierge to pay attention and notify you as soon as you come. I’ll wait in the house.”. After waiting for a long time, he won’t come. When Cao Cao was impatient, you Heng came and wore a single cloth coat, a cloth turban on your head, and a wooden stick in your hand. As soon as you stood at the door of Cao Cao, you began to scold. And he rapped and cursed Cao Cao with his stick, very rhythmically. At this moment, Cao Cao was really unbearable. He said to Kong Rong, “Look, who are you recommending?”? You think I can’t kill him? “I killed him, I’m no different from killing a sparrow or a mouse.”. Forget it, forget it, tell him to go. Isn’t Liu Biao also recruiting talent? Go to Liu Biao’s place and send him to Liu Biao’s place.

刘表也知道祢衡是个人才,对祢衡也很客气。祢衡也对刘表很客气,但是过了没多久他老毛病犯了,他开始骂刘表。这刘表受不了啊,就把他打发到黄祖那去。黄祖对这个祢衡也很尊重,也很客气,祢衡也过了几天安生日子。搞着搞着,老毛病又犯了,他又开始骂黄祖。有一次黄祖大摆宴席,大会宾客,祢衡就口出狂言,黄祖也喝了几杯了,就很生气,说你怎么这样说话?拉下去打屁股。这个祢衡就跳起来说,你敢打我屁股!就跳起来骂。这个黄祖是个大老粗啊,是个军阀,哪儿受得了这个,给我砍了,拉出去给我砍了。这个黄祖周围的人是早就恨祢衡,一听说黄祖下了命令说拉出去砍了,赶快手忙脚乱,拉出去,啪,一刀就砍了。等到黄祖的儿子得到消息骑马赶过来救的时候,人头落地了。祢衡就这么死了,享年二十六岁。

Liu Biao also knows that you are a talented person and is very polite to you. “You Heng was also very polite to Liu Biao, but after a while, he made a mistake and began to scold Liu Biao.”. “Liu Biao couldn’t stand it, so he was sent to Huang Zuna.”. Huang Zu also respected and was very polite to you, who also had a few days of peaceful life. After some mischief, the old habit recurred, and he began to scold Huang Zu again. Once, when Huang Zu gave a banquet, the guests of the conference, you spoke wildly. Huang Zu also had a few drinks and became very angry. Why did you say that? Pull it down and spank. “You Heng jumped up and said, ‘You dare to spank me!'”! Jump up and scold. This Huang Zu is a big old man, a warlord. How can he stand this? Chop it for me, pull it out and chop it for me. The people around Huang Zu had long hated you. Once they heard that Huang Zu had given an order that they should go out and chop, and that Kwai were busy with their feet. They pulled out, slapped, and cut with a knife. When Huang Zu’s son got the news and rode over to save him, his head fell to the ground. You Heng died at the age of 26.

*恃才傲物、狂熬不羁的祢衡,几经辗转,最终惨死在野蛮军阀黄祖的手下。祢衡的死多少让人联想到曹操,有人认为,这是曹操心胸狭窄、不能容人,才把祢衡送到刘表那儿,在曹操的心里,是否有借刀杀人的意思呢?是谁制造了祢衡之死?

*易中天先生刚才讲到,孔融认为祢衡是旷世奇才,把他推荐给曹操。不想祢衡恃才傲物,辱骂曹操,曹操把他送给了刘表。祢衡依旧我行我素,辱骂刘表,刘表不堪受辱,又把祢衡送给黄祖。祢衡变本加厉,愈发张狂,后被黄祖所杀。祢衡之死,给后世留下了很多话柄,曹操也为此担负了“害贤”的恶名。那么到底是谁制造了祢衡之死?祢衡的死,冤不冤呢?

“You Heng, who relies on his talent and arrogance and is wild and unruly, went through many twists and turns, and finally died miserably under the hand of Huang Zu, a barbaric warlord.”. The death of You Heng is somewhat reminiscent of Cao Cao. Some people believe that it was Cao Cao who was narrow-minded and unable to tolerate others that sent You Heng to Liu Biao. Is there any intention in Cao Cao’s mind to use a knife to kill? Who caused your death?
As Mr. Yi Zhongtian mentioned just now, Kong Rong considered you Heng to be a legendary talent and recommended him to Cao Cao. “I don’t want you Heng to abuse Cao Cao by relying on his talent and arrogance. Cao Cao gave him to Liu Biao.”. “You Heng still went his own way, insulting Liu Biao, who couldn’t bear to be humiliated, and gave you to Huang Zu.”. You Heng became even more arrogant and was later killed by Huang Zu. The death of You Heng left a lot of talk for future generations, and Cao Cao also bore the reputation of “harming the virtuous” for this. So who created your death? Is your death unjustified?

祢衡的死,博得了后世很多的同情,很多人同情祢衡。为什么同情他呢?三个理由:第一,祢衡有敖骨;第二,祢衡骂曹操;第三,祢衡死得冤,因此,同情他。这其实是一种似是而非的看法,我们就来分析一下这三条。

Your death has won a lot of sympathy from future generations, and many people sympathize with you. Why sympathize with him? Three reasons: First, You Heng has an Ao bone; Second, you Heng scolded Cao Cao; Third, you Heng died unjustly, so sympathize with him. This is actually a paradoxical view. Let’s analyze these three points.

第一条,祢衡有敖骨吗?好像有,因为他骂当局啊,到曹操那儿他骂曹操,到刘表那儿他骂刘表,到黄祖那儿骂黄祖,谁是一号领导人他就骂谁,这在很多人看来就是铮铮敖骨啊,你说有几个敢骂的?骂大老板的有几个啊?不敢吧,他敢,有敖骨吧?但是问题不能这么看。祢衡骂当局不假,但是我们要问三个问题:第一,这个当局该骂不该骂?不该骂你为什么要骂呢?第二,祢衡为什么骂?第三,祢衡是不是从来就骂、一贯就骂的?那么一问,得出的结论是:不是。祢衡这个人其实是很想从政,很想做官的,不是某些人说的多么多么清高,他一点都不清高。他觉得他是一个一等一的人才,他可以治国平天下,祢衡迫不及待地就跳出来,要去求得一官半职,跑到哪儿去呢?跑到了许县,也就是曹操刚把天子迎奉到许县的时候,祢衡就找上去了。“阴怀一刺”,刺是什么?刺就是名片,悄悄的怀里揣着张名片,准备递给那些他认为可以选择的老板。但是这个家伙目空一切,他谁都看不上,在许都转了一圈以后,他发现没有可以投靠的人。没有投靠的人,那么你如果是一位真正清高的人,你回去嘛,你也可以躬耕于南阳嘛。他不,他怎么办呢?他骂人,他开始骂人。这叫敖骨吗?这叫狂悖。所以,这样一个人他是不受欢迎的。我们现在也弄不清楚,他是因为到处碰壁而破口大骂呢,还是因为到处骂人才到处碰壁。我看是恶性循环,一方面他谁都看不起才到处碰壁,碰了壁以后他更看不起别人,他要骂人,他骂人人家更不喜欢他,他更碰壁。史书上的说法是“人皆憎之”,当时所有的人都讨厌他。

First, do you have an Ao bone? It seems that because he cursed the authorities, he cursed Cao Cao when he arrived at Cao Cao, Liu Biao when he arrived at Liu Biao, and Huang Zu when he arrived at Huang Zu. He cursed whoever was the first leader. In many people’s eyes, this is Zheng Zheng Aogu. How many dare you say? How many people scold the big boss? Dare not, he dares, have Aogu? But the problem cannot be viewed in this way. You Heng scolded the authorities, but we have three questions to ask: First, should this authority scold or not? Shouldn’t scold you Why do you scold? Secondly, why did you scold? Third, did you always scold and always scold? When asked, the conclusion is: No. “You Heng is actually a person who really wants to become a politician and an official. It’s not how lofty some people say, he’s not at all lofty.”. He felt that he was a first-class talent who could govern the country and balance the world. You Heng couldn’t wait to jump out and seek a position. Where did you go? He ran to Xu County, just as Cao Cao welcomed the Emperor to Xu County, you Heng found him. “Yin Huai One Sting”, what is the sting? Sting is a business card, quietly carrying a business card in his arms, ready to hand it to those bosses he believes can choose from. “But this guy is so arrogant that he doesn’t look up to anyone. After Xu Du turned around, he found no one to turn to.”. “If you are a truly noble person, you can go back and work hard in Nanyang if there is no one to rely on.”. He doesn’t, what does he do? He cursed, and he began to curse. Is this called Aogu? This is called crazy paradox. Therefore, such a person is not welcome. “We don’t know now whether he was hurling insults because he ran into walls everywhere, or was it because he ran into walls everywhere?”. “I think it’s a vicious cycle. On the one hand, he looks down on everyone before hitting a wall everywhere. After hitting a wall, he looks down on others even more. He wants to curse others, they don’t like him even more, and he even hits a wall.”. The historical book says that “everyone hates him”, and at that time, everyone hated him.

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