画外音：这是一个近乎完美的形象，然而这又一个最另人着磨的人物。他是忠诚的典型、智慧的化身、人臣的楷模，在他身后也留了一个个未解之谜，如果没有刘备的三顾茅庐，诸葛亮会出山吗？刘备称帝以后他为什么还承认孙权称帝，刘备死后他是否大权独揽，架空刘禅，种种猜测没衷一是，我们该如何看待诸葛亮，敬请关注易中天品三国之《百年孤独》。
三国时代是一个人才辈出的时代，也是一个焕发人性光辉的时代。诸葛亮就是一个典范，他二十六岁出山，辅佐刘备，在隆中决策时已经预见到刘备后来可以三分三下有其一，三足鼎立之时他对内依法治蜀，对外东和孙权、北拒曹操，直到病逝于五丈原军中，这就是诸葛亮传奇的一生，真正做到了鞠躬尽瘁、死而后已。但金无足赤、人无完人，诸葛亮同样也引起了后人很多的争论。三顾茅庐被认为是摆足架子不肯出山，代行君权被认为是效法曹操架空皇帝，那么诸葛亮留下了一个个未解之谜，易中天先生如何评价？诸葛亮究竟是一个什么样的人？厦门大学易中天教授做客百家讲坛，为您精彩讲述品三国之《百年孤独》。
易中天：上一集我们讲到刘备和诸葛亮的关系，我们从这种关系中读出了两个字“孤独”。可能有观众朋友会怀疑诸葛亮孤独吗？孤独。凡是伟大的人物都孤独，曹操孤独、诸葛亮孤独，曹操孤独到连儿子都不理解他，是的，诸葛亮在后世倍受推崇，但是我们要知道一个历史人物在后代越是受到推崇，那么他就越孤独。比方说孔子，孔子被推崇到大成至圣先师的这样一个地位，而北京大学李零教授对孔子的判断是什么呢？三个字“丧家狗”。这是见于《史记?孔子世家》的，而且是孔子本人认可的。所以诸葛亮也一样，他的一生当中有许多的谜团，这些谜团被他的光辉掩盖了，在这一集我就给大家讲关于诸葛亮讲的四个谜团。第一个出山之谜。诸葛亮怎么出山的？公认的说法三顾茅庐，是不是事实？是。但是与此同时还有一个说法登门自荐，我在《三顾茅庐》这一集已经讲过了，而且我得出一个结论，登门自荐和三顾茅庐是并存的，一个在前，一个在后。立马遭到很多人的痛骂，说你怎么敢贬低诸葛亮，我的观点很鲜明，如果是事实我们必须凭着良知和良心把这个事实说出来，顾不上你抬高还是贬低。第二也不是贬低，为什么呢？我们现在看三顾的说法，三顾的说法有没有依据？有，在那里？《出师表》，所以肯定是事实，但绝不是诸葛亮端着架子不肯出山，非得刘备三请四请才出来，也绝不是他原本不打算出山，要三顾以后才出山，他原本就是要出山的，证据在哪里？陈寿《三国志?诸葛亮传》“每自比管仲乐毅”。一个自比管仲乐毅的人，绝不会老死隆中，就是我在节目里问的，他在隆中待着干什么？他是肯定要出来的，那么为什么《出表师》会有另一种似乎是另一种的说法呢？似乎，我们看看《出表师》怎么说：臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，很自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。那么这里面有一个问题呢？一个是“苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯”似乎原本就是打算如此的，是刘备把他请出来的，这就和每自比管仲乐毅是矛盾的，那么他自己矛盾吗？不是，你要理解古人，这是谦辞。下面两个字词也是谦辞：卑鄙和感激。卑鄙呢，不是我们现在道德意义上的卑鄙，卑是地位低下，鄙是居住偏远，翻译成现代汉语鄙就是小地方人，翻译成现代汉语卑是普通老百姓，这是谦辞。“由是感激”是什么呢？感是感奋，激是激励，不是现在的感谢的意思，我本来是一个小地方人，也没有什么地位，先帝不因此看不起我，来跟我讨论天下大事，所以我受到感奋和激励，我才出出山的，这是谦辞啊。是对先帝的追念啊，是归功于先帝啊，实际上诸葛亮是一个什么样的人？国士，无双国士。国士的特点是什么？以天下为己任。我们有一首歌叫《毕业歌》，大家都很熟悉嘛，同学们大家起来，担负起天下的兴亡。一个普通的大学生他都有这个志向要做国家的栋梁，要担负起天下的兴亡，难道诸葛亮连这点志向都没有？否定他这个志向才是贬低诸葛亮呢！而且如果诸葛亮真是打算死守隆中不出来的，不肯出山的人，刘备不会看得起他，我在《春梅煮酒》一集讲过一个事实，就是有一个叫做诈汜的人去找陈登，陈登见了他以后自己睡大床，让他睡小床，这个耿耿于怀跟刘备说，刘备说你是什么人？你是个士人，你是个国士，国士就是要以天下为己任的，现在天下大乱就等着你们出来，报效国家，拯救人民，你们都不肯出山，耐天下苍生何，你在干什么？你在求田问舍，不要说陈登瞧不起你，就是我刘备也瞧不起你，陈登还客气让你睡小床，你到我家里，我让你睡地下。所以一个在这样国难当头不肯挺身而出的人，刘备是看不起的，而诸葛亮不是这样的人，我们去读《三国志》，刘备败走当阳和鲁肃一起来到夏口，这个时候曹操的军队追过来了，怎么办？诸葛亮说的什么话？请奉命求救于孙将军，挺身而出嘛，所以他就是一个挺身而出的人，是一个以天下为己任的人。因此当曹操准备要打荆州的时候，诸葛亮发现荆州危险，他是会出去找刘备的，他会主动去找刘备的，只不过由于我们不知道的原因，这一次没有达成什么协议，也可能是诸葛亮去见了刘备以后，刘备还要考虑一下或者还要考察一下，诸葛亮又回到隆中去了，然后刘备再到隆中去见诸葛亮，所谓三顾也不一定就是只有三次，也可能是多次，也更不意味着去了三次只见了一次，可能次次都见到了，谈了很多的话，越谈越拢，最后决定出山辅佐刘备。所以这样一个解释不但不是贬低诸葛亮，相反是高度的肯定，因为我们从这个案例里面我们看到了什么呢？看到了诸葛亮的一种精神，这个精神就是心系天下的国士精神，这才是我们应该肯定的精神。那一种做清高状，扬言要做隐士，不肯为国家效力的，那种所谓表现是酸腐文人的表现，不可取，这是第一个谜，出山之谜。
Voice over: This is a nearly perfect image, yet this is another most intriguing character. “He is a typical example of loyalty, an embodiment of wisdom, and a role model for ministers. Behind him, there are also unsolved mysteries. If there were not Liu Bei’s Sangumao Lu, would Zhuge Liang emerge from the mountains?”? “After Liu Bei became emperor, why did he still admit that Sun Quan became emperor? After Liu Bei’s death, whether he monopolized power and overshadowed Liu Chan? There was no consensus among various speculations. How should we treat Zhuge Liang? Please pay attention to Yi Zhongtian’s” One Hundred Years of Solitude “of the Three Kingdoms.”.
The Three Kingdoms era is an era in which only one person was born, and it is also an era that shines with the brilliance of human nature. Zhuge Liang was a model. At the age of 26, he emerged from the mountains to assist Liu Bei. When making decisions in Longzhong, he had foreseen that Liu Bei would later be able to divide into three parts and have one of them. When the three pillars stood in balance, he ruled Shu internally according to law, opposed Cao Cao to the east and Sun Quan to the north, and until he died in the Wuzhangyuan army. This was the legendary life of Zhuge Liang, who truly achieved dedication and death. “However, there is no perfect person, and Zhuge Liang has also caused a lot of controversy among future generations.”. “Sangu Maolu is considered to have put on airs and refused to leave the mountain, and exercising monarchy on behalf of the emperor is considered to have imitated Cao Cao and elevated the emperor. Therefore, Zhuge Liang has left unsolved mysteries. How does Mr. Yi Zhongtian evaluate it?”? What kind of person is Zhuge Liang? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is visiting hundreds of forums to tell you a wonderful story about “One Hundred Years of Solitude” in the Three Kingdoms.
Yi Zhongtian: In the previous episode, we talked about the relationship between Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang. From this relationship, we read the two words “loneliness”. Could any audience friend suspect Zhuge Liang’s loneliness? Solitude. “All great figures are lonely, Cao Cao is lonely, Zhuge Liang is lonely, and Cao Cao is so lonely that even his son does not understand him. Yes, Zhuge Liang is highly respected in future generations, but we need to know that the more respected a historical figure is in future generations, the more lonely he becomes.”. For example, Confucius is highly regarded as the supreme teacher of the Great Sage. What is Professor Li Ling’s judgment on Confucius at Peking University? Three words “bereaved dog”. This was seen in the “Historical Records? Confucius Aristocratic Family” and recognized by Confucius himself. So is Zhuge Liang. During his lifetime, there were many mysteries that were hidden by his brilliance. In this episode, I will tell you about the four mysteries Zhuge Liang told. The first mystery to emerge from the mountain. How did Zhuge Liang come out of the mountains? Is it true that the commonly accepted statement is based on a lack of consideration? Yes. But at the same time, there is another saying, “Going to the door and recommending yourself,” which I have already talked about in the episode of “San Gu Mao Lu,” and I have come to the conclusion that going to the door and recommending yourself coexist with San Gu Mao Lu, one in front and one behind. Immediately, many people scolded me and said, “How dare you belittle Zhuge Liang?” My view is very clear. If it is a fact, we must express it with our conscience and conscience, regardless of whether you raise or lower it. The second is not to belittle, why? Let’s take a look at Sangu’s statement now. Is there any basis for Sangu’s statement? Yes, where is it? “Graduation Table”, so it must be true, but it is definitely not that Zhuge Liang holds a shelf and refuses to go out of the mountain. It is not that Liu Beisan has to invite four people to come out, nor is it that he originally did not intend to go out of the mountain, but only after three considerations. He originally intended to go out of the mountain, where is the evidence? In Chen Shou’s “Three Kingdoms Annals? Biography of Zhuge Liang”, “Every time I compare Guan Zhong and Yue Yi,”. “A person who compares himself to Guan Zhong and Leyi will never die of old age in Longzhong, as I asked on the program, what is he doing in Longzhong?”? “He is definitely going to come out, so why would there be another way of saying that seems to be another way?”? It seems that let’s take a look at the words in “The Outwardly Presented Master”: I am a minister in cloth clothing, I work hard in Nanyang, I live my life in troubled times, and I do not seek to be heard or reached by princes. “The former emperor did not treat his ministers as despicable, but rather bent himself in vain. He looked at his ministers in the thatched cottage and consulted them for the affairs of the world. Therefore, he was grateful, so he allowed the former emperor to drive them away.”. So what’s the problem here? One is “to live in troubled times without seeking information or reaching out to the princes”. It seems that this was originally intended to be the case. Liu Bei invited him out, which is in contradiction to Guan Zhong Leyi. Is he in contradiction with himself? No, you need to understand the ancients. This is a modest statement. The following two words are also words of humility: meanness and gratitude. “Despicable” is not our current moral sense of despicability. “humble” refers to low status, “humble” refers to living in remote areas. When translated into modern Chinese, “humble” refers to small local people, and when translated into modern Chinese, “humble” refers to ordinary people. This is a humble statement. What is “gratitude”? Feeling is inspiration, and excitement is motivation, not the meaning of gratitude now. I was originally a small local person, and I had no status. The Emperor didn’t look down upon me for this reason, and came to discuss world events with me. Therefore, I was inspired and inspired, and I came out of the mountains. This is a humble apology. “It’s a tribute to the memory of the former emperor. What kind of person is Zhuge Liang actually?”? National scholar, unparalleled national scholar. What are the characteristics of a national scholar? Take the world as your own responsibility. We have a song called “Graduation Song”, which is very familiar to everyone. Everyone, students, get up and take responsibility for the rise and fall of the world. An ordinary college student has this ambition to be a pillar of the country and bear the rise and fall of the world. Does Zhuge Liang not even have this ambition? To negate his ambition is to belittle Zhuge Liang! And if Zhuge Liang really intends to stick to someone who won’t come out of Longzhong and won’t come out of the mountains, Liu Bei won’t look up to him. I told the truth in the episode of “Spring Plum Boils Wine” that there was a person named Xie Si who went to Chen Deng, who would sleep in the big bed and let him sleep in the small bed after meeting him. This grudged and said to Liu Bei, who did Liu Bei say you were? “You are a scholar, you are a national scholar, and the national scholar should take the world as his own responsibility. Now, the chaos in the world is waiting for you to come out, serve the country, and save the people. None of you are willing to go out of the mountains. What are you doing to endure the world? What are you doing?”? “You are asking for a place to leave. Don’t say that Chen Deng despises you, even Liu Bei despises you. Chen Deng politely asks you to sleep in a small bed. If you come to my house, I’ll let you sleep underground.”. So a person who refuses to step forward in such a national crisis is despised by Liu Bei, while Zhuge Liang is not such a person. Let’s read the “Three Kingdoms Annals”. Liu Bei was defeated and Dangyang and Lu Su came to Xiakou together. At this time, Cao Cao’s army overtook him. What should we do? What did Zhuge Liang say? Please take orders to ask General Sun for help. Stand up, so he is a person who stands up and takes the world as his own responsibility. Therefore, when Cao Cao was about to attack Jingzhou, Zhuge Liang discovered that Jingzhou was in danger. He would go out to find Liu Bei, and he would take the initiative to find Liu Bei. However, for reasons we don’t know, no agreement was reached this time. It could also be that after Zhuge Liang went to see Liu Bei, Liu Bei would have to consider or investigate. Zhuge Liang returned to Longzhong, and then Liu Bei went to see Zhuge Liang in Longzhong, The so-called “San Gu” does not necessarily mean only three times, it may also be multiple times, nor does it mean that after going there three times, I only met once, but I may have seen them all the time. After talking a lot, I became more and more involved, and finally decided to go out and assist Liu Bei. Therefore, such an explanation is not only to belittle Zhuge Liang, but rather to highly affirm him, because what do we see from this case? I have seen a spirit of Zhuge Liang, which is the spirit of a national scholar who cares about the world. This is the spirit that we should affirm. “What kind of expression is the expression of sour and corrupt literati, which is not advisable. This is the first mystery, the mystery of the mountain.”.
