画外音：三国的历史已告一段落，我们的疑团却依然存在，三国究竟是一段什么样的历史？从本期开始厦门大学易中天教授将站在科学历史观的角度，运用逻辑与历史相一致的方法，为我们理性地反思这段历史，敬请关注易中天品三国之《天下大势》。
百家讲坛从2006年2月开始推出易天中《品三国》节目，到上一集共播出了四部分，分别是魏武挥鞭、孙刘联盟、三国鼎立和重归一统。易中天先生在这四部分共四十八集中以故事说人物，以人物说历史，以历史说文化，以文化说人性，讲述了魏、蜀、吴三大集团的形成和发展，以及最后同归于晋的原因。从今天开始易中天先生将用四集的篇幅站在科学历史观的角度，运用逻辑与历史相一致的方法，达到理性地反思的目的，那么从历史发展的脉络看，我们应该如何评价三国在中国历史发展的长河中，三国究竟算是一段什么样的历史呢？敬请关注易中天品三国之《天下大势》。
易中天：三国这段历史呢，是很奇怪的，或者说是很怪异的。从断代史的角度讲，从纪年的角度讲，没有什么三国，如果不是陈寿写了一本《三国志》，那么它独立成为一段历史是不是可能还是一个问题。因为汉或者说东汉最后的一个年头，就是汉献帝建安二十五年就是魏的第一年，就是魏的黄初元年，也就是说，从纪年的角度讲，汉魏是紧接着的，汉以后就是魏，哪来的三国呢？但是我们又不能否定三国确实存在。所以三国这个历史叫做似汉非汉，似魏非魏，第三者插足，是个插曲。实际上不但三国是一个插曲，整个魏晋南北朝在某种意义上讲它也是一个插曲，是个大插曲。我们看看魏晋南北朝这个时代，一共是三百六十九年，不短，年头不短，但是很特别，魏晋南北朝的前面是两个统一的王朝就是秦和汉，前面一短，后面一个长，秦只有十几年，汉有四百多年，魏晋南北朝的后面也是两个统一的王朝，一个隋，一个唐，也是前面一个短，后面一个长，隋的时间短，唐的时间长，而这两个统一王朝当中就是魏晋南北朝，三百六十九年，是个什么状态呢？是一个半分裂半统一状态，秦汉都是统一的，隋唐也都是统一的，魏晋南北朝是半统一半分裂。魏只有半壁江山，还要被说成是三国鼎立，那么晋，西晋是统一的，但是年头非常短就进入了东晋，东晋只有半壁江山了，然后接下来南北朝，整个我们现在的中国大地是分裂状态的，所以魏晋南北朝是半统一半分裂，而且是分裂的时间长于统一的时间，所以这是一个非常特殊的时代。那么这一个时代是怎么样产生的，为什么魏晋南北朝的前后就刚好是两个统一王朝而且都是前一个短后一个长，那你不能说是巧合啊，这只能用历史的逻辑来解释。因此，我们要讲天下大势，这个势就是形势、趋势、走势，那么我们中国五千年的文明史是一个什么样的走势呢？我认为在中国的文明史当中有三个划时代的事件，第一个叫做西周封建，第二个叫做秦灭六国，第三个叫做辛亥革命。西周封建之前是氏族、部落、部落联盟、部落国家、部落国家联盟，那么到了周，就进入了国家联盟时代，然后到了秦就进入了统一国家时代，秦以后我们现在的中华大地上原则上只一个国家的，而国家也就完全成熟了，所以西周封建这个划时代的事件就把前面这个时代和后面这个时代把它区分开来，而后面的时代呢，又由秦灭六国和辛亥革命这两个划时代的事件再把它分为三截，西周封建到秦灭六国或者说西周封建到春秋战国这个时期我称之为邦国时代，秦灭六国到辛亥革命这一个阶段我称之为帝国时代，辛亥革命以后到现在我称之为共和国时代，现在我们要比较的就是邦国和帝国，因为我们只有弄清楚邦国和帝国这两个制度有什么不同，我们才能够真正理解在画这段历史。
Voice over: The history of the Three Kingdoms has come to an end, but our doubts still exist. What kind of history is the Three Kingdoms? From the beginning of this issue, Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University will reflect on this period of history for us in a rational way from the perspective of scientific and historical perspectives, using a method that is consistent with logic and history. Please pay attention to Yi Zhongtian’s “The Great Trend of the World” of the Three Kingdoms.
Since February 2006, the program “Tasting the Three Kingdoms” from Yi Tianzhong has been launched in the Hundred Lectures Forum. As of the last episode, it has been broadcast in four parts, including Wei Wu’s Whiplash, Sun Liu’s Alliance, the Three Kingdoms’ Triumph, and the Return to Unity. In these four parts, Mr. Yi Zhongtian focuses on the formation and development of the three major groups of Wei, Shu, and Wu, as well as the reasons for their eventual return to the Jin Dynasty. Starting today, Mr. Yi Zhongtian will use four episodes to stand in the perspective of scientific historical views, using the method of logic consistent with history, to achieve the goal of rational reflection. From the perspective of historical development, how should we evaluate the three countries in the long river of Chinese historical development, and what kind of history is the three countries? Please pay close attention to Yi Zhongtian’s “The World’s General Situation” of the Three Kingdoms.
Yi Zhongtian: The history of the Three Kingdoms is very strange, or very strange. From the perspective of chronology, from the perspective of chronology, there is no such thing as the Three Kingdoms. If it weren’t for Chen Shou’s writing of “The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms,” it would still be a question whether it would become a history independently. Because the last year of the Han Dynasty, or the Eastern Han Dynasty, was the 25th year of Jian’an of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, which was the first year of the Wei Dynasty, which was the first year of the Huangchu era of the Wei Dynasty. In other words, from a chronological perspective, the Han Dynasty and the Wei Dynasty were closely followed, and after the Han Dynasty, the Wei Dynasty. Where did the Three Kingdoms come from? But we cannot deny the existence of the three countries. Therefore, the history of the Three Kingdoms is called “like Han instead of Han”, “like Wei instead of Wei”. The involvement of a third party is an interlude. In fact, not only is the Three Kingdoms an episode, but the entire Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties is also an episode in a sense, a major episode. Let’s take a look at the era of the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties. It is a total of 369 years, not short, and not short in duration. However, it is very special. In front of the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, there are two unified dynasties, namely, Qin and Han, with one short in front and the other long in back. Qin has only a dozen years, and Han has more than 400 years. In the back of the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, there are also two unified dynasties, one Sui, one Tang, and the other short in front and the other long in back. The Sui period is short, The Tang Dynasty had a long history, and among the two unified dynasties was the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, which lasted for 369 years. What was the state? It is a semi divided and semi unified state. The Qin and Han dynasties are unified, the Sui and Tang dynasties are also unified, and the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties are semi unified and semi divided. “Wei only has half the country, and it should be said that the Three Kingdoms stand together. Then the Jin and Western Jin dynasties were unified, but they entered the Eastern Jin Dynasty very shortly. The Eastern Jin Dynasty only has half the country, and then the Southern and Northern Dynasties followed. The entire land of China now is divided. Therefore, the Wei, Jin, and Southern Dynasties were half unified and half divided, and the time of division was longer than the time of unification. Therefore, this is a very special era.”. So how did this era come into being? Why did the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties coincide with two unified dynasties, one short and the other long? You can’t say it’s a coincidence. This can only be explained by historical logic. Therefore, we need to talk about the general trend of the world, which is the situation, trend, and trend. What is the trend of our 5000 year history of civilization in China? I think there are three epoch-making events in the history of Chinese civilization. The first is called Western Zhou Feudalism, the second is called Qin’s extermination of the Six Kingdoms, and the third is called the Xinhai Revolution. Before the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were clans, tribes, tribal alliances, tribal states, and tribal state alliances. Then in the Zhou Dynasty, there was the era of national alliances, and then in the Qin Dynasty, there was the era of a unified country. After the Qin Dynasty, there was in principle only one country in China today, and the country was fully mature. Therefore, the epoch-making event of Western Zhou Dynasty feudalism distinguished it from the previous era and the later era, The later era is divided into three sections by the two epoch-making events, namely, the Qin extermination of the Six Kingdoms and the 1911 Revolution. The period from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Qin extermination of the Six Kingdoms, or from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Warring States, I call it the State Era. The period from the Qin extermination of the Six Kingdoms to the 1911 Revolution, I call it the Empire Era. From the 1911 Revolution to the present, I call it the Republic Era. Now we want to compare the State and Empire, “Because only if we understand the differences between the two systems of state and empire can we truly understand the history being painted.”.
