孙坚、孙策父子开创了江东基业，然而两人都英年早逝，接班的孙权只有十八岁。面临内外交困的局面，孙权不但站稳了脚跟，还将父兄未竟的“霸业”发展为“帝业”，与曹魏、蜀汉鼎足而立。那么孙权究竟是如何渡过难关的呢？厦门大学易中天教授为您精彩品三国之——风云际会。
在上一集易中天先生讲到，公元263年，刘禅君臣不战而降，蜀汉灭亡。从这一集开始，我们将把目光转向东吴。和刘备开创的蜀汉政权一样，孙坚、孙策父子建立的也是一个外来政权，在江东立足未稳，然而两人却都英年早逝。孙权接班的时候只有十八岁，他接过的是一个初具规模的地方割据政权，他能不能镇住那些旧臣老将，他能不能发展父兄的基业，这在当时都是一个个问号。
但孙权不但很快站稳了脚跟，还将父亲孙坚和兄长孙策未竟的“霸业”发展为“帝业”，与曹魏、蜀汉鼎足而立，建立了“三分天下有其一”的东吴政权。那么孙权究竟是如何渡过难关的？他的成功之路又是怎样的呢？厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩品三国之“风云际会”。
Sun Jian, Sun Ce, and their sons founded the Jiangdong foundation, but both died young and Sun Quan, who succeeded them, was only 18 years old. Faced with difficulties both at home and abroad, Sun Quan not only gained a firm foothold, but also developed his father’s unfinished “hegemony” into an “imperial industry”, competing with Cao Wei and Shu Han. So how did Sun Quan get through the difficulties? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University presents you with a wonderful tasting of the Three Kingdoms – the Wind and Cloud International Meeting.
In the previous episode, Mr. Yi Zhongtian mentioned that in 263 AD, the monarchs and ministers of Liu Chan surrendered without fighting, and Shu Han perished. Starting from this episode, we will turn our attention to Soochow. Like the Shu Han regime initiated by Liu Bei, Sun Jian and Sun Ce’s father and son established a foreign regime that had a precarious foothold in Jiangdong, but both of them died young. When Sun Quan took over, he was only 18 years old. He inherited a newly established local separatist regime. Whether he could suppress those old ministers and generals, and whether he could develop the foundation of his father and brother were all questions at that time.
However, Sun Quan not only quickly established himself, but also developed the unfinished “hegemony” of his father, Sun Jian, and his brother, Sun Ce, into an “imperial industry”, competing with the Cao, Wei, and Shu Han dynasties, establishing the Eastern Wu regime of “one in three kingdoms.”. So how did Sun Quan get through the difficulties? What is his path to success? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures” to provide you with a wonderful taste of the “Fortune Fair” of the Three Kingdoms.
易中天：
从这一集开始我们讲孙吴，孙吴之主是孙权。孙权不容易。很多人说孙权这个人挺有福气的，小小年纪接过了父兄留下的一片基业，不像曹操和刘备得白手起家，自己打江山。其实不然，孙权接班的时候是很困难的，怎么个困难呢？八个字：年幼、势孤、内忧、外困。
先说年幼。孙权接班的时候只有十八岁，按照古人二十而冠的这个说法还要算未成年人。当然他这个未成年人也非同一般，因为孙权十五岁的时候就当了阳羡县的县长。汉代的规矩，是大县的长官叫县令，小县的长官叫县长。阳羡县看来是一个小县，孙权十五岁就当了它的县长。当然这里面有一个背景，就是他有一个大后台，孙策。那再怎么有后台，你十五岁当县长，也还是很了不起了，现在三十五岁还不一定当得上是不是。但是总归是年幼。
第二，势孤。势力孤单，这话怎么讲呢？《三国志·孙策传》的传末有孙盛的一句话，叫做“业非积德之基，邦无磐石之固”。说孙策创下的这个基业不是一个积德的基业，因此他这个政权是不稳固的。为什么？因为孙氏政权和刘备在益州建立的蜀汉政权一样，也是一个外来政权。有些人说这个恐怕不对吧，刘备他是涿州人，就是我们现在河北的涿州人，然后南下到了刘表这里，然后又从荆州带着兵到益州，建立蜀汉政权它当然是一个外来政权；孙坚、孙策、孙权可是吴人啊，他是吴郡富春人，吴人在吴建立的政权怎么是外来政权呢？三个原因。
Yi Zhongtian:
Starting from this episode, we will talk about Sun Wu, whose leader is Sun Quan. Sun Quan is not easy. Many people say that Sun Quan is a very lucky person who took over the foundation left by his father and brother at a young age, unlike Cao Cao and Liu Bei who had to start from scratch and fight their own battles. In fact, it was difficult for Sun Quan to take over. How could it be difficult? Eight words: young, isolated, worried, and trapped.
Let’s start with being young. When Sun Quan took over, he was only 18 years old, and according to the ancient saying that he was 20 and crowned, he was still a minor. Of course, he is also a minor who is not ordinary, because Sun Quan became the magistrate of Yangxian County when he was 15 years old. The rule of the Han Dynasty is that the chief of a large county is called the magistrate, while the chief of a small county is called the magistrate. Yangxian County seems to be a small county, and Sun Quan became its county magistrate at the age of 15. Of course, there is a background here, that is, he has a big backstage, Sun Ce. No matter how much backstage there is, it’s still great to be a county magistrate at the age of 15. Now, at the age of 35, it’s not necessarily worth it, is it. But it’s always young.
Second, potential isolation. The power is lonely. What do you say? At the end of the biography of the Three Kingdoms Annals, there is a sentence from Sun Sheng, which is called “industry is not the foundation of accumulated virtue, and a state is not solid with rocks.”. It is said that the foundation established by Sun Ce is not a foundation of accumulated virtue, so his regime is unstable. Why? Because the Sun regime, like the Shu Han regime established by Liu Bei in Yizhou, is also a foreign regime. Some people say this is probably not true. Liu Bei is a native of Zhuozhou, which is now our native of Hebei. He then went south to Liu Biao, and then brought troops from Jingzhou to Yizhou to establish the Shuhan regime. Of course, it was a foreign regime; Sun Jian, Sun Ce, and Sun Quan are from Wu. They are from Fuchun, Wujun. Why is the regime established by the Wu people in Wu a foreign regime? Three reasons.
第一，孙氏家族在江东不是世家大族，是寒族。《三国志》就说孙坚是“孤微发迹”，就是家境是很贫寒的。但有一个说法说什么孙家世代仕吴，这个说法是不打靠得住的，因为后人给这个开国君主作传的时候他总归要，是吧，粉饰一下，说得好听一点。实际上江东士族是看不起他们孙家的。第二点呢，孙坚发迹也不在江东。孙坚是袁术的部下，孙坚是在江西。这个地方还是要交待一下，再交待一遍，三国时代的江东就是我们现在说的江南，三国时代的江西就是我们现在说的江北，包括江苏北部还有安徽一些地方，那个叫江西，不是我们现在的江西省那个江西。他不是在江东发迹的，他招募的将士称之为淮泗精兵，就是淮河和泗水那一带招募的一些精兵，这是孙坚的班底。然后孙策继承了孙坚，把这支队伍拿到手上，从袁术手上讨过来，杀回江东，才建立孙氏政权。而袁术是什么人呢？袁术是个称皇帝的，因此在江东的士族、士大夫眼里这是乱臣贼子；孙坚是乱臣贼子的部下。那么孙策就是叫做乱臣余孽。
这样三个原因，当孙策带着孙坚的旧部回到江东的时候，江东的父老乡亲、江东的世家大族一致认为，孙策这不是回家，这是入侵。不把他看作自己人啊，没有什么江东父老夹道欢迎这种事，反而是一种抵抗的态度。抵抗的结果是什么样呢？抵抗的结果是孙策大开杀戒，尽诛英豪。其实我们回顾一下当年我讲“江东基业”的时候我就讲到孙策嗜杀，因为当时还讲不到这一步，只是说他爱杀人，实际上他有他不得已的原因，就是江东士族不欢迎他们。所以他是靠武力、靠暴力、靠杀戮，建立起来的一个不怎么得人心的政权，这叫做“业非积德之基”。
First, the Sun family is not a noble family in Jiangdong, but a Han family. “Records of the Three Kingdoms” says that Sun Jian was “made a fortune by himself”, which means that his family is very poor. However, there is a saying that the Sun family has ruled Wu for generations, which cannot be relied on, because when future generations handed down their biography to the founding monarch, he always wanted it. Right, whitewash it and make it sound better. In fact, the Jiangdong gentry despised their Sun family. The second point is that Sun Jian did not make his fortune in Jiangdong. Sun Jian was a subordinate of Yuan Shu, and Sun Jian was in Jiangxi. This place still needs to be explained once more. Jiangdong in the Three Kingdoms era is what we now refer to as Jiangnan, while Jiangxi in the Three Kingdoms era is what we now refer to as Jiangbei, including northern Jiangsu and some places in Anhui, which are called Jiangxi, not Jiangxi in our current Jiangxi province. He did not make a fortune in the east of the Yangtze River. The soldiers he recruited were called Huaisi Elite Soldiers, which were some elite soldiers recruited in the Huaihe and Surabaya areas. These were Sun Jian’s team. Then Sun Ce inherited Sun Jian, took the team into his hands, took it from Yuan Shu, and killed it back in Jiangdong before establishing the Sun regime. And who is Yuan Shu? Yuan Shu was known as the emperor, so in the eyes of the gentry and scholarly officials in the east of the Yangtze River, he was a disorderly subject and a thief; Sun Jian is a subordinate of disorderly subjects and thieves. So Sun Ce is called the “disorderly minister’s remaining sin.”.
For these three reasons, when Sun Ce returned to Jiangdong with Sun Jian’s former tribe, the elders and villagers of Jiangdong, as well as the aristocratic families of Jiangdong, agreed that Sun Ce was not returning home, but was invading. Don’t regard him as your own person. There are no Jiangdong elders who welcome such things, but rather have a resistance attitude. What is the result of resistance? The result of the resistance was that Sun Ce unleashed his deadly precepts and killed all the heroes. In fact, when I talked about “Jiangdong Foundry” in the past, I mentioned that Sun Ce was fond of killing, because at that time, I couldn’t say that he loved killing. In fact, he had a compelling reason, which was that the Jiangdong gentry didn’t welcome them. Therefore, he established a regime that was not popular with the people by force, violence, and killing. This is called “karma is not the foundation of accumulated virtue.”.
