赤壁之战后，曹操、刘备、孙权三大集团基本形成了鼎足而立的局面，为了扩充实力，三大集团都把目光盯上了沃野千里的天府之地——益州。在这场争夺中，刘备集团实力最弱，为什么在争夺中最终胜出了呢？厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩品三国之——乘虚而入。
公元208年赤壁之战以后，曹操和刘备、孙权逐渐形成了三分天下的局面，为了扩充实力，三大集团都对益州虎视眈眈。益州是东汉十三州当中最大的州之一，土地肥沃，人口众多，而且益州的拥有者刘璋生性柔弱，缺乏谋略。而此时的曹操基本上统一了中国北方，实力强大；孙权依靠父兄留下的基业，也称雄江东；只有刘备，这时的实力最弱小。那么，在三大集团对益州的争夺中，刘备为什么最终得到了益州呢？厦门大学教授易中天做客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩品三国之“乘虚而入”。
After the Battle of Chibi, the three major groups, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan, basically formed a tripartite situation. In order to expand their strength, the three major groups all focused on Yizhou, the land of Tianfu, which is a fertile land with thousands of miles of land. In this competition, Liu Bei Group is the weakest. Why did it ultimately win in the competition? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful tasting of the Three Kingdoms.
After the Battle of Chibi in 208 AD, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan gradually formed a situation of three kingdoms. In order to expand their strength, the three major groups were all eyeing Yizhou. Yizhou is one of the largest of the thirteen states in the Eastern Han Dynasty, with fertile land and a large population. Moreover, the owner of Yizhou, Liu Zhang, is weak by nature and lacks strategy. At this time, Cao Cao basically unified northern China, with strong strength; Sun Quan, relying on the legacy of his father and brother, also dominates Jiangdong; Only Liu Bei was the weakest at this time. So, why did Liu Bei finally win Yizhou in the competition among the three major groups? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, offering you a wonderful taste of the Three Kingdoms.
易中天：
赤壁之战以后，曹操、孙权、刘备三家三分了荆州。荆州七个郡，曹操据有南阳郡和南郡的襄阳；孙权呢，据有江夏郡和南郡的江陵；刘备呢，趁着孙权派周瑜去攻打江陵的时候，夺取了荆州南方的四郡，就是长沙、贵阳、零陵、武陵。这样可以说就是三家三分荆州，一个在北，一个在东，一个在南，这个时候他们的情况是谁也吃不掉谁，于是大家都来打益州的主意。
Yi Zhongtian:
After the Battle of Chibi, the three families of Cao Cao, Sun Quan, and Liu Bei divided Jingzhou into three parts. There are seven counties in Jingzhou, and Cao Cao holds Nanyang County and Xiangyang County of Nanyang County; Sun Quan, who owns Jiangling in Jiangxia County and Nanjun County; When Sun Quan sent Zhou Yu to attack Jiangling, Liu Bei captured the four counties in the south of Jingzhou, namely Changsha, Guiyang, Lingling, and Wuling. In this way, it can be said that there are three families in Jingzhou, one in the north, one in the east, and one in the south. At this time, their situation is that no one can eat anyone, so everyone comes to Yizhou to make an idea.
益州也是东汉十三个州当中最大的一个州之一，益州的范围大概相当于现在的重庆、四川，还包括云南、贵州的一部分和陕西的一部分就是汉中，地方大人口多，沃野千里，天府之国，是一块肥肉。而益州的这个主人刘璋，相比较而言，这个能力是比较差的，他守不住，所以曹操、孙权、刘备这三只虎就都盯住了益州这只羊。争夺的结果是什么呢？众所周知，刘备得手，刘备不但得到了益州的蜀郡，后来还得到了益州的汉中。而当时的情况，曹、刘、孙三家应该说论力量刘备是最弱的，为什么一个最弱的最后成功了，而两个相对比较强的都没有拿到益州呢？有四个原因。
第一个原因就是孙权困难。我们知道孙权的根据地是在江东，孙权要取益州有两条路可走，一条是走旱路，也就是走北路，这要通过曹操的防地，这是不可能的，曹操怎么会让他过去呢；第二条是走水路，也就是走南路，顺江西进，这要通过刘备的地盘，刘备也不同意，所以孙权是很困难的。
Yizhou is also one of the largest of the thirteen states in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The scope of Yizhou is roughly equivalent to that of today’s Chongqing and Sichuan, but also includes parts of Yunnan and Guizhou, and part of Shaanxi is Hanzhong. With a large population, fertile fields and a land of abundance, it is a piece of fat meat. The owner of Yizhou, Liu Zhang, was relatively weak in his ability to defend himself. Therefore, Cao Cao, Sun Quan, and Liu Bei, the three tigers, all focused on the sheep of Yizhou. What is the outcome of the competition? As is known to all, Liu Bei succeeded in winning not only Shu County in Yizhou, but also Hanzhong in Yizhou. At that time, the Cao, Liu, and Sun families should say that Liu Bei was the weakest in terms of strength. Why did the weakest succeed in the end, while neither of the two relatively strong ones received Yizhou? There are four reasons.
The first reason is Sun Quan’s difficulties. We know that Sun Quan’s base area is in the east of the Yangtze River. Sun Quan has two roads to take to Yizhou. One is to take the dry road, that is, the north road. This requires passing through Cao Cao’s defense area, which is impossible. How could Cao Cao let him pass; The second way is to take the waterway, that is, to take the south road and march westward along the river. This requires passing through Liu Bei’s territory, which Liu Bei also disagrees with, so it is very difficult for Sun Quan.
但是按照鲁肃当年给孙权规划的东吴版的“隆中对”的规划，孙权是要拿下荆州，进而拿下益州，然后和曹操划江而治，益州还是必须拿的，怎么办呢？孙权就想出一个主意来，就向刘备提出来说联合取蜀，就是我们孙刘两家还组成联军，去把这个刘璋干掉，把蜀郡拿下来。孙权向刘备提出这样一个建议，刘备手下人都表示同意，说可以啊，因为孙权不可能越过我们去攻打刘璋，那么我们两家去打刘璋，打下来蜀就是我们的了。但是有一个叫殷观的人他不同意，他说不行，我们如果和孙权联合打刘璋，肯定是我们的部队在前面，孙权的部队在后面；然后如果刘璋打不下来，前面有刘璋的军队堵着，后面有孙权的军队堵着，我们成三明治了——那个时候没有三明治，有锅盔夹肉，我们变成锅盔夹肉了，这个太危险。这个意见刘备同意，何况刘备还有刘备的心思，刘备的心思是什么呢？自个儿一家把蜀郡给吞了，不能分给孙权，所以即便是联合取蜀成功刘备也不会同意的。但是这个时候孙权还是不能得罪的，他们还是盟军，怎么办呢？殷观又出个主意，说你答应他联合取蜀，但是说我们刚刚得到江南四郡，天下不太平，我们的军队不能动，按兵不动，随他去打蜀。这个意思谁都明白，这是不可能的，那么孙权就退兵了。这大概就是《三国志·先主传》的这么一个记载。
But according to the Eastern Wu version of the “Long Zhong Pai” plan that Lu Su had planned for Sun Quan in the past, Sun Quan wanted to take Jingzhou, then Yizhou, and then control it by crossing the river with Cao Cao. Yizhou still had to take it. What should we do? Sun Quan came up with an idea and proposed to Liu Bei that we should unite to take Shu, that is, the Sun and Liu families should form a united army to kill this Liu Zhang and take down the Shu County. Sun Quan proposed such a proposal to Liu Bei, and Liu Bei’s subordinates all agreed, saying that it was okay, because Sun Quan could not pass us to attack Liu Zhang, so our two families would go and attack Liu Zhang, and Shu would be ours. “But there was a person named Yin Guan who disagreed, and he said no, ‘If we fight Liu Zhang together with Sun Quan, it must be our troops in the front and Sun Quan’s troops in the back.'”; “Then if Liu Zhang couldn’t fight down, with Liu Zhang’s army blocking in front and Sun Quan’s army blocking in back, we would become sandwiches – there were no sandwiches at that time, there was a pot helmet with meat, and we would become a pot helmet with meat, which was too dangerous.”. Liu Bei agrees with this opinion, not to mention Liu Bei’s thoughts. What are Liu Bei’s thoughts? “My own family has swallowed up Shu County and cannot distribute it to Sun Quan, so even if Liu Bei succeeds in taking Shu together, he will not agree.”. But at this time, Sun Quan still cannot offend them. They are still allies. What should we do? Yin Guan came up with another idea and said that you promised him to unite to take Shu, but said that we had just obtained the four counties in Jiangnan, and the world was not peaceful, so our army could not move. Hold still and follow him to fight Shu. “Everyone understands that this is impossible, so Sun Quan withdrew from the army.”. This is probably such a record in the “Records of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of the First Lord”.
