＊面对同样的史实，专家却得出了不同的结论。诸葛亮和李严之间究竟发生了什么，恐怕当事人心里是最清楚的。我们不能回到三国时代去亲历历史，但我们可以换个角度想问题，我们可以从历史事实中去寻找动机。首先我们要问，刘备为什么要安排一个一正一副的辅臣结构？从这里入手，也许我们就能够寻找到李严被废的真实原因了。
这就必须从刘备托孤说起，因为我们必须弄清楚刘备托孤的时候，干吗要安排一个诸葛亮为正、李严为副？刘备不这样安排不就后面没事了吗，他为什么要安排？我觉得在这个问题上还是田余庆先生说得最有道理。田先生认为，刘备的永安托孤实际上是一个深谋远虑的考虑。要弄清楚托孤的真实意图，必须先弄清楚蜀汉帝国的特殊性。它的特殊性是什么呢？是益州这个地方原本有着一股势力，这个势力由两种人组成：一种是益州籍的官僚，就是他是益州人，又在东汉王朝里做了官，这是一个力量；再一个就是益州本地的豪强，大姓，大族。这两股力量我们合称为本土势力，就都是益州人组成的。除了本土势力以外，还有外来势力，外来势力又分两拨：第一拨是刘焉、刘璋父子入蜀的时候带去的，因为刘焉、刘璋父子是外来人，他们带去了一拨人，这一拨人我们可以称之为东州集团；刘焉、刘璋父子取得了益州的政权以后，刘备又来了，刘备从哪里来？从荆州来的，刘备也带了一拨人，这一拨人我们称之为荆州集团。那我们来看一下这个表就清楚了，三股势力：一股势刘备的亲信，我们称之为荆州集团；一股是刘璋的旧部，我们称之为东州集团；还有一股是本土士族，我们称之为益州集团。益州集团是老早就在益州的，刘璋的东州集团是后面来的，刘备的荆州集团是更后面来的。这会说明什么？就是刘备集团这股势力是后来的外来势力，刘璋集团是先来的外来势力，这个益州集团是本来就在这儿的本土势力，这么三股势力搅在一起。搅在一起的结果是什么呢？是刘备称帝，基础不牢，再加上夷陵兵败，国本动摇。在刘备托孤的时候，蜀汉政权最大的忧患，不在曹魏，不在孙吴，而在自己内部。这是刘备最担忧的。而刘备的想法是什么呢？第一条，后来居上，不容颠倒。我们这个最后来的外来势力一定要占主导地位，这个是不能动摇的。在此前提下，以我为主，兼容三方，就尽量地把这另外两股势力也把它融合起来。所以刘备的这个时候的国策应该是这样的几句话：巩固新人地位，稳定旧人情绪，协调新旧关系，消除新旧界限。这样蜀汉政权才能够长之久安。所以我们再来看这张表就很清楚了，就是对于蜀汉政权来说，刘备亲信组成的荆州集团必须是政权主体，刘璋旧部组成的东州集团是团结对象，本土士族组成的益州集团是防范对象。正是由于这个原因，刘备才做了诸葛亮为正、李严为副的这样一个辅臣结构。因为，李严是个什么人呢？李严刚好是这个系统的，就是刘璋旧部东州集团这个系统的一个团结对象。李严是荆州南阳人，他是荆州人，原来在刘表的手下工作。后来曹操南下夺得荆州以后，李严不愿意投靠曹操，就往西入蜀，投靠了刘璋。那么刘备带兵入蜀，去夺刘璋的地盘的时候，李严又投降了刘备。也就是说李严是在刘璋旧部当中，和荆州集团关系最密切的。一方面他靠拢荆州集团，另一方面他人又是东州集团的人。或者用主客、新旧关系来说，他是旧人、是主人，又是和新人、和客人关系特别好。再加上本人特别有能力，那么选他来做一个副手，是再合适不过了，这就是刘备托孤时候的想法。
Facing the same historical facts, experts have reached different conclusions. “What happened between Zhuge Liang and Li Yan is probably the clearest in the minds of the parties concerned.”. “We cannot go back to the Three Kingdoms era to experience history, but we can think about it from a different perspective. We can seek motivation from historical facts.”. First of all, we need to ask why Liu Bei arranged an auxiliary minister structure with one principal and one deputy? Starting from here, perhaps we can find the real reason why Li Yan was abolished.
This must start with Liu Bei’s support for orphans, because we must make it clear that when Liu Bei supports orphans, why should we arrange for Zhuge Liang to be the leader and Li Yan to be the deputy? “If Liu Bei doesn’t arrange it like this, it won’t matter later. Why did he arrange it?”? I think Mr. Tian Yuqing is still the most reasonable person on this issue. Mr. Tian believes that Liu Bei’s Yong’an orphanage is actually a thoughtful consideration. To understand the true intention of Tuogu, we must first understand the particularity of the Shu Han Empire. What is its particularity? It was in Yizhou that there was originally a force composed of two types of people: a bureaucrat of Yizhou nationality, who was a native of Yizhou and became an official in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was a force; Another is the local Haoqiang, surname, and clan of Yizhou. These two forces, collectively known as local forces, are composed of Yizhou people. In addition to local forces, there are also foreign forces, which are divided into two groups: The first group was brought by Liu Yan and Liu Zhang’s father and son when they entered Sichuan. Because Liu Yan and Liu Zhang’s father and son were outsiders, they brought a group of people, which we can call the Dongzhou Group; After Liu Yan and Liu Zhang’s father and son took power in Yizhou, Liu Bei came again. Where did Liu Bei come from? Liu Bei also brought a group of people from Jingzhou, which we call the Jingzhou Group. Let’s take a look at this table to make it clear that there are three forces: one is Liu Bei’s crony, which we call the Jingzhou Group; One is Liu Zhang’s old department, which we call Dongzhou Group; There is also a local gentry, which we call Yizhou Group. Yizhou Group has long been in Yizhou, Liu Zhang’s Dongzhou Group came from behind, and Liu Bei’s Jingzhou Group came from even behind. What does this mean? It is the Liu Bei Group, which was a later foreign force, the Liu Zhang Group, which was the first foreign force, and the Yizhou Group, which was originally a local force here. These three forces are intertwined. What is the result of mixing together? It was Liu Bei who claimed the title of Emperor, with a weak foundation. In addition to the defeat of Yiling, the foundation of the country was shaken. When Liu Bei entrusted the orphan, the greatest worry of the Shu Han regime was not in Cao Wei, not in Sun Wu, but within itself. This is what Liu Bei is most worried about. And what is Liu Bei’s idea? The first principle is to come from behind and take the lead. It cannot be reversed. “We, the last foreign force, must occupy a leading position, which cannot be shaken.”. On this premise, with me as the main force and three parties compatible, we will try to integrate these other two forces as well. Therefore, Liu Bei’s national policy at this time should be in the following words: consolidate the position of the new, stabilize the emotions of the old, coordinate the old and new relationships, and eliminate the boundaries between the old and the new. In this way, the regime of Shu Han can remain stable for a long time. Therefore, when we look at this table again, it is clear that for the Shu Han regime, the Jingzhou Group formed by Liu Bei’s trusted followers must be the main body of the regime, the Dongzhou Group formed by Liu Zhang’s former tribe must be the object of unity, and the Yizhou Group formed by local gentry must be the object of prevention. It is for this reason that Liu Bei established such a subordinate structure with Zhuge Liang as the leader and Li Yan as the deputy. Because, who is Li Yan? Li Yangang is a member of this system, and he is a united object of the system of Liu Zhang’s former Dongzhou Group. Li Yan is from Nanyang, Jingzhou. He is from Jingzhou and originally worked under Liu Biao. Later, after Cao Cao went south and captured Jingzhou, Li Yan was unwilling to join Cao Cao, so he went west to Shu and joined Liu Zhang. When Liu Bei led his troops into Shu to seize Liu Zhang’s territory, Li Yan surrendered to Liu Bei again. That is to say, Li Yan was the most closely related to Jingzhou Group among Liu Zhang’s former subordinates. On the one hand, he is close to Jingzhou Group, and on the other hand, he is a member of Dongzhou Group. Or in terms of the relationship between host and guest, new and old, he is an old person, a host, and has a particularly good relationship with new people and guests. In addition, I am particularly capable, so it is most appropriate to choose him as an assistant. This is the idea of Liu Bei when he entrusted him with the task.
＊易中天先生的分析让我们恍然大悟，原来刘备临终托孤诸葛亮为正、李严为副的辅臣架构，是一个保持各方平衡、精心设计的政治安排。按说这个煞费苦心的安排，本来是可以保持蜀汉政权的内部稳固。那么，回到我们这一集一直贯穿的一个老问题上，李严为什么又被废掉了呢？易中天先生在前面分析了，不是诸葛亮的问题，不是刘备后事安排的问题，那么剩下的只有从李严本人身上找原因了。李严本人有问题吗？
但是李严这个人有问题。有什么问题呢？第一个，自视甚高，难于共事，这个人性格不好。当时有一句名谚叫做“难可狎，李鳞甲”，什么意思呢？就说李严这个人肚子里面有龙鳞，这龙鳞的特点是什么？你只能顺着摸，你不能倒着来。所以李严这个人是不好接近的，不好共事的。这是第一个问题。第二个呢，效法苏张，朝秦暮楚。什么意思呢？就是他在这个新人和旧人、主人和客人，也就是外来势力和本土势力之间，他摆来摆去，甚至有点挑拨离间，搞是非。由于有这个原因，所以诸葛亮在弹劾李严的时候，是把新人和旧人都联合起来联名。为什么要联名？就是说我们新人、旧人没有矛盾，你不要再挑拨离间。这是第二个问题。第三个问题，拥兵自重，分庭抗礼。李严留驻永安，后来又到了江州，就是现在的重庆，然后在那儿就不走了。然后在那儿就自己筑城，自己扩军，要求划出五郡之地来单独成立一个州。本来蜀汉它只有一个州，就是益州嘛；他又要搞一个州出来，叫巴州。这在诸葛亮看来，他挑衅了两个原则：第一个原则就是后来居上的这个原则，就是我们新人，我们荆州集团一定要占据蜀汉政权的主导地位，这个是不能动摇的，他挑衅了这个原则；第二个他挑衅了统一原则，因为他实际上是搞分裂。所以，诸葛亮一定要拔掉这颗钉子。本来刘备安排李严为副的时候，是希望他起到一个中介作用，希望他充当一个润滑剂。结果他没有起到润滑剂的作用，反而成了当中一根刺了。那这根刺肯定是要拔掉的。从大局着想，从蜀汉政权的长之久安、安定团结出发，这样一颗钉子一定要拔掉。因此我们可以推测，诸葛亮恐怕是早就想拔这颗钉子了，只不过是在等待机会而已。那么李严既然犯了这么一个低级错误，那就对不起了，请你回家养老去吧。那么除了这些原因以外，我认为诸葛亮还有一个原因，就是他要依法治蜀。因为诸葛亮接过来的是这么一个摊子，是这样一个分着层次的、由三股势力组成的这么一个政权，这样一个政权是有着内部矛盾的和内部危机，有着隐忧的。那么要把这三部分人团结起来，诸葛亮认为只有一个办法，就是依法治蜀。什么叫依法治蜀呢？就是不论亲疏远近，不管你是新人、是老人，不管你是荆州集团的、是东州集团的、是益州集团的，在国法面前人人平等。我们大家都按规矩办，我们一碗水端平，这样就能做到大家心服口服。而依法治蜀时诸葛亮执政期间非常重要的思想和举措。为了真正地实现依法治蜀，真正做到执法公平、赏罚严明，诸葛亮也废黜了一些属于自己这边的人，甚至还杀了自己最喜欢的人，比方说马谡。诸葛亮挥泪斩马谡是大家都很熟悉的故事，但是这个故事背后其实也是有着深刻原因的。那么马谡到底该不该死，马谡到底该不该杀？诸葛亮杀马谡的时候，为什么会流泪呢？请看下集——痛失臂膀。
Mr. Yi Zhongtian’s analysis made us suddenly realize that the auxiliary minister structure in which Liu Bei entrusted Zhuge Liang as the leader and Li Yan as the deputy at the end of his life was a carefully designed political arrangement that maintained balance among all parties. Ordinarily, this painstaking arrangement could have kept the internal stability of the Shu Han regime stable. So, back to the old question that runs through our episode, why was Li Yan abolished again? Mr. Yi Zhongtian analyzed earlier that it was not Zhuge Liang’s problem or Liu Bei’s future arrangements, so the only thing left was to find the cause from Li Yan himself. Is there a problem with Li Yan himself?
But Li Yan has a problem. What’s the problem? First, he has a high self-esteem and is difficult to work with. This person has a bad personality. At that time, there was a famous proverb called “Difficult to have sex with, Li Lijia”. What does it mean? Let’s say that Li Yan has dragon scales inside his belly. What are the characteristics of this dragon scale? You can only touch along, you can’t come upside down. Therefore, Li Yan is not easy to approach and work with. This is the first question. The second is to follow the example of Su Zhang, who lived in the early Qin and late Chu dynasties. What does it mean? It is he who is swinging between the new and the old, the host and the guests, that is, between foreign and local forces, and even a bit of provoking discord. For this reason, when Zhuge Liang impeached Li Yan, he jointly named both the new and the old. Why should we co name? That is to say, there are no contradictions between our new and old friends, and you should not sow discord any more. This is the second question. The third question is to support troops and respect themselves, and to stand up to each other. Li Yan stayed in Yong’an, then moved to Jiangzhou, now Chongqing, and then stayed there. Then they built their own cities there, expanded their own armies, and requested that five counties be set aside to form a separate state. Originally, there was only one state in Shu Han, namely Yizhou; He is going to create another state called Bazhou. In Zhuge Liang’s view, he challenged two principles: the first principle is the principle of coming from behind to stay ahead, that is, we new people. Our Jingzhou Group must occupy the leading position of the Shu Han regime, which cannot be shaken. He challenged this principle; Secondly, he challenged the principle of unity because he was actually splitting up. Therefore, Zhuge Liang must pull out this nail. When Liu Bei originally appointed Li Yan as deputy, he hoped that he would act as an intermediary and act as a lubricant. Instead of acting as a lubricant, he became one of the thorns. That thorn must have been pulled out. Considering the overall situation and the long-term stability, stability and unity of the Shu Han regime, such a nail must be pulled out. Therefore, we can speculate that Zhuge Liang may have long wanted to pull out this nail, but he was just waiting for the opportunity. So since Li Yan has made such a low-level mistake, I’m sorry. Please go home and provide for the elderly. In addition to these reasons, I think there is another reason for Zhuge Liang: he wants to rule Shu according to law. Because what Zhuge Liang inherited was a political power composed of three forces at different levels, with internal contradictions, internal crises, and hidden worries. To unite these three groups, Zhuge Liang believed that there was only one way to govern Shu according to law. What is governing Shu according to law? No matter how close or distant you are, whether you are a newcomer or an elderly person, whether you belong to Jingzhou Group, Dongzhou Group, or Yizhou Group, everyone is equal before the national law. We all follow the rules and keep a bowl of water level, so that everyone can be convinced. While governing Shu according to law was a very important thought and measure during Zhuge Liang’s reign. In order to truly realize the rule of law in Sichuan, truly achieve fair law enforcement, strict rewards and punishments, Zhuge Liang also deposed some of his own people, and even killed his favorite people, such as Ma Su. “Zhuge Liang’s tearful beheading of Ma Su is a familiar story, but there are also profound reasons behind this story.”. So should Ma Su deserve to die? Should Ma Su deserve to die? Why did Zhuge Liang shed tears when he killed Ma Su? Please watch the next episode – Losing Your Arm in Pain.
