这是一个侠义英雄的结束。建安二十四年，关羽被杀，刘备集团不但痛失一员猛将，还永远地失去了荆州。那么，一个曾经威震华夏的虎将，为什么会一败涂地？在刘备方面，谁该为关羽的死负责呢？厦门大学易中天教授为您精彩品三国之——败走麦城。
在上一期节目中易中天先生讲到，由于曹操和孙权两个集团暗中勾结，使关羽处于一个非常困难的境地，关羽只好从襄樊前线撤退，败走麦城。结果是关于被俘，然后被杀。
关羽之死，给后世留下了无数的遗憾。一个曾经是一等一的英雄，最终却是这样的下场。那么，在刘备集团当中，到底谁该为关羽的死负责任？刘备和诸葛亮对关羽的死有没有责任？厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩品三国之“败走麦城”。
This is the end of a chivalrous hero. In the 24th year of Jian’an, Guan Yu was killed, and the Liu Bei Group not only lost a powerful general, but also lost Jingzhou forever. So, why would a tiger general who once had a great influence in China be defeated? For Liu Bei, who should be responsible for Guan Yu’s death? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University presents you with a wonderful tasting of the Three Kingdoms – Losing Maicheng.
In the previous program, Mr. Yi Zhongtian mentioned that due to the collusion between Cao Cao and Sun Quan, Guan Yu was in a very difficult situation. Guan Yu had to withdraw from the front line of Xiangfan and lose Maicheng. The result is about being captured and then killed.
The death of Guan Yu left countless regrets for future generations. A hero who used to be a first-class hero ended up like this. So, who in the Liu Bei Group should be responsible for Guan Yu’s death? Are Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang responsible for Guan Yu’s death? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful tasting of the “Lost Maicheng” of the Three Kingdoms.
易中天：
我们知道，丢失荆州、关羽阵亡的前因是关羽攻打襄樊。如果关羽不攻打襄樊，那么吕蒙和孙权虽然早就有了夺回荆州、消灭关羽的这个想法，他是没有机会实施的。因此，我们要检讨的第一个问题就是：为什么要发动襄樊战争？我们先得把这个问题弄清楚。
而这个问题呢，又牵扯到三个小问题。第一个问题是，谁决定打襄樊？
Yi Zhongtian:
We know that the former cause of the loss of Jingzhou and Guan Yu’s death was Guan Yu’s attack on Xiangfan. If Guan Yu did not attack Xiangfan, Lv Meng and Sun Quan would have had the idea of recapturing Jingzhou and eliminating Guan Yu, but he would not have had the opportunity to implement it. Therefore, the first question we need to examine is: Why did we launch the Xiangfan War? We must first clarify this problem.
And this issue involves three small issues. The first question is, who decided to fight Xiangfan?
对于这个问题，史学界也有不同意见。有不少史学家，包括我一再提到的张作耀先生在内，都认为是刘备和诸葛亮决定或者授意的。张先生的说法是，关羽在刘备、诸葛亮的授意下发动了襄樊战争，战争发动以后，刘备和诸葛亮又既没有配合行动，又没有配套措施，也没有给关羽增援，还没有给关羽派去强有力的辅佐人物，以至于导致了这一场战争的彻底失败。因此，刘备、诸葛亮难逃其咎，这是一种观点。第二种观点呢，以何兹全先生为代表。何先生的说法是，关羽攻打襄樊，似乎事前没有和刘备、诸葛亮商讨，也就是说这是关羽的自作主张。
我个人倾向于赞成何先生的意见，因为我们在《三国志》上查不到刘备或者诸葛亮授意、授权或者命令关羽攻打襄樊的任何记载。这么大一件事情，如果是刘备下的命令，或者说是诸葛亮向刘备的建议，应该是有记载的。所以我倾向于认为，襄樊战争的发动是关羽的自作主张。但是，刘备听之任之，没有反对。因为刘备如果反对，也应该有记载；或者刘备根本就不同意、强烈反对，关羽就打不了这场战争。所以估计刘备的态度是听任，或者是默许，甚至是赞成，只能这么推测了。因此，刘备对此也应该负责任。
Historians also have different views on this issue. Many historians, including Mr. Zhang Zuoyao, whom I have mentioned repeatedly, believe that Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang decided or inspired them. According to Mr. Zhang, Guan Yu launched the Xiangfan War at the instigation of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang. After the war, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang neither coordinated action nor coordinated measures, nor provided reinforcements to Guan Yu, nor sent powerful supporting figures to Guan Yu, leading to the complete failure of the war. Therefore, it is a view that Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang cannot escape their responsibility. The second point of view is represented by Mr. He Ziquan. According to Mr. He, Guan Yu’s attack on Xiangfan did not seem to have been discussed beforehand with Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, which means that this was Guan Yu’s own initiative.
“Personally, I tend to agree with Mr. He’s opinion, because we cannot find any records in the Three Kingdoms Annals of Liu Bei or Zhuge Liang instructing, authorizing, or ordering Guan Yu to attack Xiangfan.”. If it were an order given by Liu Bei or a suggestion made by Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei, there should be a record of such a big matter. Therefore, I tend to believe that the launching of the Xiangfan War was Guan Yu’s own initiative. However, Liu Bei let it go and did not object. Because if Liu Bei objects, there should also be records; Or if Liu Bei simply disagreed and strongly opposed, Guan Yu would not be able to fight this war. Therefore, it is estimated that Liu Bei’s attitude is resignation, or acquiescence, or even approval, which can only be inferred. Therefore, Liu Bei should also be responsible for this.
那么诸葛亮有没有责任呢？没有，诸葛亮没有任何责任。为什么呢？因为这个时候诸葛亮不是刘备集团军事行动的决策人。虽然诸葛亮现在已经担任了军师将军，但是这个军师将军和我们后世理解的那个军师是不一样的，或者说是不完全一样的。我们后世理解的军师就是摇着鹅毛扇，在旁边出谋划策。而诸葛亮的这个军师将军是什么时候当的呢？是刘备得到了成都以后，任命他为军师将军，实际上是升了一级。因为赤壁之战以后诸葛亮的职务是军师中郎将，现在升格为军师将军，任务是署左将军府事。因为刘备这个时候的正式职务是左将军，左将军他要开府，他有一个左将军府，这个府里面的事情由诸葛亮总理。并且在刘备外出的时候“亮常镇守成都，足食足兵”，刘备去打汉中，诸葛亮替刘备看家，守着成都，供应粮草、供应援军，这是他的工作、他的职务。所以他没有责任。
So does Zhuge Liang have any responsibility? No, Zhuge Liang has no responsibility. Why? Because at this time, Zhuge Liang was not the decision-maker in the military operations of the Liu Bei Group. Although Zhuge Liang has now served as a military general, this military general is not the same, or completely the same, as the military general we understand in future generations. Our future understanding of military commanders is to shake a goose feather fan and offer advice nearby. When did Zhuge Liang become a military general? After Liu Bei obtained Chengdu, he was appointed a military general, actually promoted to a higher level. After the Battle of Chibi, Zhuge Liang was promoted to the rank of Military General Zhonglang, with the task of managing the affairs of General Zuo’s office. Because Liu Bei’s official position at this time was General Zuo, who wanted to open the government. He had a General Zuo’s office, and the affairs in this office were handled by Premier Zhuge Liang. And when Liu Bei was away, “Liang often guarded Chengdu and was full of food and soldiers.” Liu Bei went to fight Hanzhong. Zhuge Liang took care of Liu Bei’s family, guarded Chengdu, supplied food and grass, and provided reinforcements. This is his job and his position. So he has no responsibility.
