＊易中天先生在这里卖了一个小关子，我们干脆把这层窗户纸捅破，刘禅肯定是在心里要犯嘀咕的，那肯定是非常郁闷的。别说刘禅是皇帝，就是一般人，老是被人训斥，还没有人身自由，也不让做事，心里能不嘀咕，能不郁闷吗？那么我们就有了一个疑问，诸葛亮为什么要让刘禅心里嘀咕呢？诸葛亮还政于君不就完了吗，自己还落得省事，他为什么不这样做呢？
通常的说法是，那很简单，刘禅扶不起来嘛。不大家都说扶不起来的刘阿斗嘛，智商低，能力差嘛。有没有证据呢？也有，四条。第一条，轻信小人。他后来自己执政以后不就是在那儿重用小人吗，宦官吗？第二，不战而降。第三条，忘恩负义。怎么个忘恩负义呢？忘记赵云救他之恩。景耀三年的时候，后主追谥前朝的几位将军，关羽、张飞、马超、黄忠都追了谥号，就是不谥赵云。后来是姜维等人出来为赵云打抱不平，才追谥赵云一个尊号。这叫做忘恩负义。第四条，没有心肝。刘禅后来是亡国了，投降了以后到了洛阳。到了洛阳以后司马昭设宴招待他，演奏蜀国的音乐，表演蜀国的乐舞。当时蜀国跟过来的人全都痛哭流涕，只有刘禅喜笑自若，开心得不得了。司马昭当时就跟人说，一个人没有心肝怎么可以到这种地步！后来司马昭又去问刘禅，说你还想念蜀国吗？刘禅马上回答：“此间乐，不思蜀。”“乐不思蜀”这个成语就从这来的嘛。说完这个话以后，他带来的一个旧臣就跑去找他说，不能这样说呀，这样说实在太没心肝了，下回司马昭再问你，你就说，先人的坟墓在蜀国，我没有一天不想，然后把眼睛闭起来。好了，下一回司马昭去问刘禅，说想念蜀国吗？刘禅说：啊呀，先人的坟墓都埋在那儿，我没有一天不想。司马昭说不对啊，这话我怎么听着不像你说的，像那个谁谁谁说的。刘禅马上把眼睛一睁：哎，对啊，就是他说的，就是他教我这么说的！我说刘禅如果是电视台的主持人，还要说猜对了，加十分！没有心肝。但是这些说法也是可以讨论的。第一条，历代皇帝身边哪个没有小人？汉文帝有，汉武帝也有，昭烈皇帝刘备身边也有，很多学者就认为刘备身边那个法正就是小人。所以你不能说身边有小人他就是差劲皇帝，对吧。第二个，不战而降，那刘璋也是不战而降。刘璋不战而降降刘备就对了，刘禅不战而降降了曹魏就错了？这讲不通吧。第三个，不封赵云，其实是继承他的父亲对赵云的待遇。有人说五虎上将，为什么独不封赵云？我告诉你，没有五虎上将，刘备当时封将军的时候就封了四个：前将军关羽、右将军张飞、左将军马超、后将军黄忠，四大将军。赵云在刘备手上就是杂号将军，不是名号将军。就是前后左右将军叫名号将军，其他七七八八的那些叫杂号将军。赵云终其一生他都是一个杂号将军。那么他第一次追谥的时候他肯定是要谥名号将军，这也不能说是刘禅忘恩负义。而且后来姜维他们提出这个问题来，刘禅也接受了，也追谥了赵云，这应该叫做从善如流。那么第四个问题，当然这个，怎么看他都是没心肝。——但是也有人认为这其实是装疯卖傻。这个时候你已经做了人家的俘虏了，所以刘禅说完这个话以后，左右皆笑，就像今天一样哄堂大笑。这一哄堂大笑，司马昭就再不会起杀心了。当然你说这刘禅降魏以后的这个表现，好看不好看？不好看，比起另一个亡国之君差多了。另一个亡国之君就是孙吴的亡国之君孙皓，孙皓也是投降了的，然后也到了洛阳。那个时候已经是晋朝了，皇帝是晋武帝司马炎。司马炎一看孙皓进来，让他坐：请坐，朕设了这个座位等你，可是等了很久了。孙皓马上说：臣在南方也设了个座位等陛下。那倒是好像骨头挺硬的。但是孙皓是个暴君啊，相比较刘禅我觉得还应该算个仁君啊。所以，也不能够把刘禅贬那么低。
“Mr. Yi Zhongtian sold a small trick here. Why don’t we just pierce this layer of window paper? Liu Chan must have been muttering in his heart, which must have been very depressing.”. Not to mention that Liu Chan is an emperor, but an ordinary person who is constantly reprimanded by others, has no personal freedom, and does not allow himself to do things. Can he not murmur and be depressed in his heart? So we have a question, why did Zhuge Liang make Liu Chan murmur in his heart? “Isn’t it over for Zhuge Liang to return to power over the monarch and save himself time? Why didn’t he do this?”?
The usual saying is, it’s very simple. Liu Chan can’t help him up. Everyone says that Liu Adou, who can’t be helped up, has a low IQ and poor abilities. Is there any evidence? There are also four. First, credulous villains. After he came to power himself, didn’t he just use villains there, eunuchs? Second, surrender without fighting. Third, ingratitude. How can you be ungrateful? Forget Zhao Yun’s kindness in saving him. In the third year of Jing Yao’s reign, several generals of the previous dynasty were posthumously awarded posthumous titles by the later master, including Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, and Huang Zhong. They were all posthumous titles, which were not posthumous titles to Zhao Yun. Later, it was Jiang Wei and others who came out to fight against injustice for Zhao Yun, and then pursued the posthumous title of Zhao Yun. This is called ingratitude. Fourth, there is no heart and liver. Liu Chan later died and surrendered to Luoyang. After arriving in Luoyang, Sima Zhao hosted a banquet to entertain him, playing Shu music and performing Shu dance. At that time, all the people who followed in the Kingdom of Shu were crying bitterly, but only Liu Chan was so happy with a smile that he couldn’t be happier. Sima Zhao told people at that time that how could a person without heart and liver reach such a level! Later, Sima Zhao asked Liu Chan, “Do you still miss Shu?”? Liu Chan immediately replied, “Music here does not miss Shu.” The idiom “Music does not miss Shu” came from here. After saying this, an old minister he brought with him ran to him and said, “You can’t say this. It’s really heartless to say this. Next time Sima Zhao asks you, you can say, ‘The tomb of our ancestors is in the Kingdom of Shu. I don’t want to leave it alone for a day,’ and then close my eyes.”. Okay, next time Sima Zhao goes to ask Liu Chan, “Do you miss Shu?”? Liu Chan said, “Ah, my ancestors’ graves are all buried there, and I don’t miss a single day.”. Sima Zhao is not right. Why doesn’t this sound like what you said? It’s like who said it. Liu Chan immediately opened his eyes and said, “Oh, yeah, that’s what he said, that’s what he taught me to say!”! I said that if Liu Chan is a TV host, he would also say that he guessed it right, adding 10 points! Without heart and liver. But these statements can also be discussed. First, which emperor in previous dynasties has no villains around him? Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and Emperor Zhaolie Liu Bei also had them. Many scholars believed that the method around Liu Bei was just a villain. So you can’t say that having a villain around him is a bad emperor, right. The second is to surrender without fighting, and so does Liu Zhang. Is it right for Liu Zhang to surrender Liu Bei without fighting, or is it wrong for Liu Chan to surrender Cao Wei without fighting? This doesn’t make sense. The third, not granting Zhao Yun a seal, is actually inheriting the treatment his father gave Zhao Yun. Some people say that General Five Tigers, why not seal Zhao Yun alone? Let me tell you, there is no General Five Tigers. When Liu Bei became a general, he was granted four titles: former General Guan Yu, right General Zhang Fei, left General Ma Chao, rear General Huang Zhong, and four major generals. In Liu Bei’s hands, Zhao Yun is a miscellaneous general, not a famous general. The generals around the front and back are called General by their names, while those of the other seven or eight are called General by their names. Zhao Yun spent his entire life as a miscellaneous general. So when he first pursued posthumous titles, he must have wanted to be named General, which cannot be said to be ingratitude of Liu Chan. And later on, when Jiang Wei and his colleagues raised this question, Liu Chan accepted it and pursued the posthumous title of Zhao Yun. This should be called following kindness like a stream. So the fourth question, of course, is that he is heartless—— But some people believe that this is actually acting crazy and being foolish. At this point, you have already become a prisoner of others, so after Liu Chan said this, he laughed both sides, just like today. With this roar of laughter, Sima Zhao would no longer have a murderous heart. Of course, do you think the performance of Liu Chan after his surrender to Wei is pretty or not? It’s not good-looking. It’s much worse than another fallen monarch. The other ruler of the country was Sun Hao, the ruler of Sun Wu. Sun Hao also surrendered and then arrived in Luoyang. At that time, it was already the Jin Dynasty, and the emperor was Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty. Sima Yan saw Sun Hao come in and asked him to sit down. “Please take a seat, I have set up this seat to wait for you, but I have been waiting for you for a long time.”. Sun Hao immediately said, “I have also set up a seat in the south to wait for Your Majesty.”. It seems that the bones are quite hard. But Sun Hao is a tyrant. Compared to Liu Chan, I think he should be considered a benevolent ruler. Therefore, Liu Chan cannot be demoted so low.
＊易中天先生认为刘禅是个仁君，有人又有说法了，如果说刘禅是仁君，那也正说明他懦弱，耳根子软，不会用人，也没有骨气，根本就是弱智，“扶不起来的阿斗”这句话没说错。诸葛亮不把军政大权交给刘禅，是因为他看懂了刘禅，知道刘禅不中用，所以只好事事亲历亲为。那么，刘禅真的就是一个不中用的弱智吗？
实际上刘禅并不弱智。有证据吗？有。第一，刘备临终的时候给刘禅有一封诏书，诏书里面提到了诸葛亮对刘禅的评价，什么评价呢？四个字：“智量甚大”，翻译成现在的话说就是非常聪明，非常有前途。如果说刘禅是一个弱智，那岂不等于说诸葛亮说了假话？当然有人说，这是一种善意的假话，刘备因为快去世了嘛，怕刘备不放心，安慰安慰他。就像我们医生对病人一样，这个病人已经病入膏肓了，可能过两天就要死了，病人问医生你看我还有救吗？医生说没问题没问题，是吧，你尽管放心治疗，你这个肯定能治好。其实治不好，这叫善意的谎言。但是呢，看当时的情况，也不至于说是“智量甚大”，如果刘禅弱智的话，诸葛亮会用另一种方式来安慰刘备。这是第一点。第二点，诸葛亮去世以后，刘禅立马就废除了丞相制度。然后任命蒋琬为大司马，主管行政，兼管军事。又任命费祎为大将军，主管军事，监管行政。也就是把原来集权于诸葛亮一身的这个职务和权力，他一分为二分成了两个人，而且还让两个人相互交叉、相互制衡。这样一种精致的政治安排，难道是弱智的人能够做出来的吗？不可能。而且后来蒋琬去世以后，刘禅干脆自摄国政，自己主政，亲政了，这也不像弱智的人的作为啊。那么还有一个证据是第三点，延熙元年的时候，北方出了一点事情。按照诸葛亮当年的做法，肯定这个时候蜀国就要北伐了。这个时候刘禅下诏给蒋琬说：这当然是天赐良机了，因为相父的隆中对策已经讲过了，说天下有变我们就要怎么怎么样，当然这是一个很好的时机；不过你也不要轻举妄动，“须吴举动”，看看吴国动不动，要是吴国动了我们也动，我们两国一起动，去打曹魏。那么，这样的一种决策难道是弱智的人做的吗？所以刘禅并不弱智。
Mr. Yi Zhongtian believes that Liu Chan is a benevolent monarch, and someone has said it again. If Liu Chan is a benevolent monarch, it just means that he is cowardly, has soft ears, cannot use people, and has no backbone. He is simply mentally retarded. The phrase “A Dou who cannot be supported” is not wrong. Zhuge Liang did not hand over the military and political power to Liu Chan because he understood Liu Chan and knew that Liu Chan was useless, so he had to personally do everything. So, is Liu Chan really a useless retarded person?
In fact, Liu Chan is not mentally retarded. Is there any evidence? have First, when Liu Bei died, he sent an imperial edict to Liu Chan, in which Zhuge Liang’s evaluation of Liu Chan was mentioned. What’s the evaluation? Four words: “Intelligence is very great,” which translates into current words as being very intelligent and promising. If Liu Chan is a mentally retarded person, does that not mean that Zhuge Liang lied? Of course, some people say that this is a kind of lie. Liu Bei is dying soon, so they are afraid that Liu Bei will not rest assured and comfort him. Just like our doctors treat patients, this patient is critically ill and may die in two days. The patient asks the doctor, do you think I can still be saved? The doctor said it’s okay, isn’t it? You can rest assured that you can cure this. Actually, it can’t be cured. This is called a white lie. However, depending on the situation at that time, it’s not that Liu Chan had a great amount of intelligence. If Liu Chan was mentally retarded, Zhuge Liang would comfort Liu Bei in another way. This is the first point. Secondly, after Zhuge Liang’s death, Liu Chan immediately abolished the prime minister system. Then, Jiang Wan was appointed Grand Sima in charge of administration and military affairs. He also appointed Fei Yi as Senior General in charge of military affairs and supervision of administration. That is, dividing the position and power originally centralized in Zhuge Liang into two parts, and allowing the two people to cross and balance each other. Is it possible for a mentally retarded person to make such a delicate political arrangement? impossible. After Jiang Wan’s death later, Liu Chan simply took charge of the state affairs, ruled by himself, and personally ruled, which was not like the behavior of a mentally retarded person. Then there is another evidence. The third point is that in the first year of Yanxi, something happened in the north. According to Zhuge Liang’s practice in the past, it is certain that the Northern Expedition of Shu will take place at this time. At this time, Liu Chan issued an edict to Jiang Wan and said, “Of course, this is a divine opportunity, because Xiang Fu’s Longzhong strategy has already been mentioned, saying that when the world changes, we will do what we want. Of course, this is a good opportunity;”; However, you should not act rashly. “Take Wu’s actions,” and see if the State of Wu moves. If the State of Wu moves, we will also move. Our two countries will move together to fight Cao Wei. So, is such a decision made by mentally retarded people? So Liu Chan is not mentally retarded.
