＊易中天先生举的例子让我们知道，所谓“扶不起来的阿斗”这句老话看来站不住脚，刘禅不仅不是弱智，而且还很有头脑。那么我们就更加奇怪了，诸葛亮作为“鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已”的蜀汉丞相，他是想发展壮大蜀汉政权的，我们也知道诸葛亮是没有篡位野心的，那他为什么迟迟不还政给刘禅呢？
那么这现在就有问题了。第一，刘备托孤说得很清楚：“若嗣子可辅，辅之；如其不才，君可自取。”交待得清楚，两种可能，他可以辅佐你就辅佐他，他不能辅佐再怎么办。那么，根据前面分析看，刘禅也不是一个不可以辅佐的人，所以诸葛亮辅佐了他。但毕竟你是辅佐，不是自取，为什么不还政于君呢？裴松之注引《魏略》的解释是这样的，它的原文是这么说的：“政由葛氏，祭则寡人。”就是所有的事情都请相父去做，寡人只做名义上的国家元首了。接着下面一句话是：“亮以禅未闲于政，遂总内外。”这个“闲”是什么意思呢？就是熟悉。就是诸葛亮也因为刘禅还熟悉行政事务，没有工作经验，没有治国经验，这才总揽全局。那么我们要问，如果刘禅“闲”了呢？是啊，他现在是没有经验；他将来有经验呢？再说了，你不给他实践的机会，他哪来的经验，他不是永远没经验吗？经验只能来自于实践啊。所以我历来主张的，这个家长对小孩子不要管太多，不要怕他犯错误，让他自己去学，哪怕他碰个钉子摔个跤，它也是人生的一个经验教训，他自然就会成长起来。你老是说这孩子他小，他不会，他没经验，你老包办代替，他永远长不大。这给人感觉这个时候诸葛亮就老是把刘禅包在自己的翅膀里面保护他，当然心是好的，用心是好的，但是刘禅不能成长。所以我们就要问到底是为什么。也只能提出一点儿猜测性意见，我的猜测有三种可能性。第一种我猜，诸葛亮是想恢复西汉初年的政治制度。西汉初年的政治制度是什么呢？就是皇帝作为全国统一的象征，不处理日常的具体的政治和军事的事务；日常的政治的军事的事务由三公，就是丞相、太尉、御史大夫，合起来叫宰相，由他们来处理，五日一朝。而且这个时候是三公会议已经把处理方案做好了，递上去给皇帝，皇帝认可一下。那么说得再白一点，就是让皇帝当橡皮图章。这个制度我称之为虚君实相，皇帝是一个象征，实权在宰相那里。这个制度我个人认为是中国帝国史上最好的制度。为什么是最好的制度？因为它是一个可以问责的制度。就是我们拿今天一家公司来比方，好的公司一定是董事长不管事的，管事的是总经理。应该是股东大会选举董事会，董事会选举董事长，董事长任命总经理，然后这个公司就交给你了。一旦你做坏了事情，董事会可以代表股东，就是产权的主体，问责于总经理，甚至可以罢免。这就责任有人可问，有人可担。我们读诸葛亮的《出师表》里面他讲得也很清楚，请陛下授臣以什么什么之权，如果臣没有做好的话，请陛下问责于臣。这是一种最好的制度，但是这个制度后来给破坏了。那么诸葛亮是一个有政治思想和政治理想的人，他是不是考虑到要恢复这样一个西汉初年建立的最好的制度呢？那我也没有证据，没有证据说明他就是这么想的，但是我觉得有这种可能。第二个呢，就是任重道远，不敢放手。我们去读《出师表》，《出师表》里面说：“先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙夜忧叹。恐托夫不效，以伤先帝之明。”就是诸葛亮接过了一个沉甸甸的担子，他的责任心是很重很重的，他深怕有差错，他不敢放手让一个不懂事的小孩子去做。这是第二种可能。第三种可能呢，就是这个时候的蜀国是内外交困，危机四伏。这个我们也是可以从《出师表》里面读出来的话外之音，《出师表》一开始就说：“今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。”话说得非常地严重，危急存亡。但是通常的理解，都理解为外部的压力，北边有曹魏，虎视眈眈；东边有孙吴，不怀好意。而益州这个时候，也就是蜀汉这边，一批优秀的政治家和军事家已经先后去世了，人才也匮缺。所以感到很危急，这是通常的理解。其实这个时候的蜀汉政权，还有一个危急，这就是他们的内部矛盾。蜀汉政权的问题就在于它内部矛盾一直得不到解决，也正是这个内部矛盾最终导致了蜀国的灭亡。所以诸葛亮接过了刘备交付的这个重担以后，除了要处理好他和后主刘禅的君臣关系以外，他还必须处理好蜀汉政权当中他的同僚们，那些来自不同的阵营、代表不同政治派别和集团利益的这些人之间的关系。正是由于这个原因，导致了诸葛亮和另一位托孤大臣李严之间的严重分歧，最后导致李严被废。那么李严被废又是怎么回事？在李严被废的事件当中，隐含着蜀汉政权怎样的内部危机和隐忧呢？请看下集——难容水火。
The example given by Mr. Yi Zhongtian shows us that the old saying “A Dou who cannot be lifted up” seems untenable. Liu Chan is not only mentally retarded, but also very intelligent. “Then we are even more curious. As the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang, who devoted all his life to the cause of death, wanted to develop and strengthen the regime of the Shu Han Dynasty. We also know that Zhuge Liang had no ambition to usurp the throne, so why did he not return the government to Liu Chan so late?”?
So now there’s a problem. First, Liu Bei Tuogu made it very clear: “If the heir can assist, assist him; if he is not talented, you can take it yourself.” Explain clearly that there are two possibilities: if he can assist, you can assist him. If he cannot assist, what should he do. According to the previous analysis, Liu Chan is not a person who cannot be assisted, so Zhuge Liang assisted him. But after all, you are an assistant, not a self starter. Why not still govern the monarch? Pei Songzhi’s commentary on “Wei Lue” explains this as follows: “The government is governed by the Ge family, and the sacrifice is for me.” That is to say, everything should be done by my father, and I am only the nominal head of state. Next, the following sentence is: “In the light of Zen, I have not been idle in politics, so I have always been inside and outside.” What does this “idle” mean? Is familiarity. Even Zhuge Liang took charge of the overall situation because Liu Chan was also familiar with administrative affairs and had no work experience or experience in governing a country. So we have to ask, what if Liu Chan is “idle”? Yes, he has no experience now; Does he have experience in the future? Besides, if you don’t give him the opportunity to practice, where does he come from? Isn’t he never experienced? Experience can only come from practice. Therefore, I have always advocated that this parent should not care too much about a child, not be afraid of his mistakes, and let him learn on his own. Even if he encounters a nail and falls, it is also a lesson in life, and he will naturally grow up. “You always say that this child is young, he cannot, he has no experience, and you always take care of him, he will never grow up.”. This gives the impression that at this time, Zhuge Liang always wrapped Liu Chan in his wings to protect him. Of course, the heart is good and the heart is good, but Liu Chan cannot grow. So we need to ask why. I can only make a few speculative suggestions. My guess has three possibilities. First, I guess that Zhuge Liang wanted to restore the political system of the early Western Han Dynasty. What was the political system in the early Western Han Dynasty? The emperor, as a symbol of national unity, did not handle daily specific political and military affairs; Daily political and military affairs are handled by three officials, namely, the Prime Minister, the First Lieutenant, and the Imperial Historian. Together, they are called the Prime Minister, who will handle them, five days a day. Moreover, at this time, the Sangong Meeting had already completed the handling plan and submitted it to the emperor for approval. To put it more plainly, let the emperor be a rubber stamp. This system I call virtual monarchy and reality. The emperor is a symbol with real power in the hands of the prime minister. “Personally, I believe this system is the best in the history of the Chinese Empire.”. Why is the best system? Because it is an accountable system. Let’s take today’s company as an example. A good company must be one in which the chairman is not in charge, while the general manager is in charge. It should be the shareholders’ meeting that elects the board of directors, the board of directors elects the chairman, and the chairman appoints the general manager. Then the company will be handed over to you. Once you have done something wrong, the board of directors can represent shareholders, the main body of property rights, hold the general manager accountable, and even remove them. This is a responsibility that some can ask and others can shoulder. “We read Zhuge Liang’s” Graduation Table “and he made it very clear that your majesty should grant me any authority or authority. If I fail to do a good job, please hold me accountable.”. This is the best system, but it was later destroyed. So Zhuge Liang is a person with political thoughts and ideals. Did he consider restoring the best system established in the early Western Han Dynasty? “Then I don’t have evidence, there’s no evidence that he thinks so, but I think there’s a possibility.”. The second is that we have a long way to go and dare not let go. Let’s read the “Graduation Table”, which says, “The former emperor knew that his ministers were cautious, so he sent them important things in the face of collapse. Since he was appointed, he has been worried and sighed all night. He is afraid that the trust will not be effective, which will hurt the former emperor’s wisdom.” It is Zhuge Liang who has taken on a heavy burden, and his sense of responsibility is very heavy. He is deeply afraid of making mistakes, and he dare not let a child who is not sensible do it. This is the second possibility. The third possibility is that at this time, the Kingdom of Shu was beset by internal and external difficulties, with dangers looming everywhere. “We can also read this out of context from the” Chushi Biao “, which begins by saying,” Today, at the end of the third quarter, Yizhou is suffering from fatigue and fraud, which is truly an autumn of crisis and survival. “The words are very serious, crisis and survival.”. However, the common understanding is that there are external pressures, such as Cao Wei in the north, who are covetous; To the east, there is Sun Wu, who means nothing. At this time in Yizhou, on the Shuhan side, a group of outstanding politicians and military strategists had passed away, and talent was also scarce. So it’s a common understanding to feel critical. In fact, at this time, the Shu Han regime also faced a crisis, which was their internal contradictions. The problem with the Shu Han regime is that its internal contradictions have not been resolved, which ultimately led to the demise of the Shu State. Therefore, after taking over the heavy burden entrusted by Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang must not only handle the relationship between him and the later ruler Liu Chan, but also handle the relationship between his colleagues in the Shu Han regime, those from different camps, representing different political factions and group interests. It was precisely for this reason that there was a serious disagreement between Zhuge Liang and another orphan minister, Li Yan, which ultimately led to the abolition of Li Yan. So what happened when Li Yan was abolished? What kind of internal crisis and hidden worry implied in the event of the abolition of Li Yan? Please watch the next episode – Difficult to tolerate water and fire.
