【画外音】公元200年，历史把一个只有十八岁的年轻人推到了群雄逐鹿的风口浪尖，他一手接下父兄开创的基业，并把它发扬光大，这个人就是孙权。从接手江东基业开始，孙权表现出的个人素质和政治策略，让其他军阀都不敢轻举妄动。易中天先生认为，孙权的成功要素之一，是他胸怀大志、不露锋芒，在关键时刻能够审时度势、能屈能伸。但仅有这些，还不能让孙权独据江东，形成三足鼎立之势。易中天先生认为，孙权还有不同于曹操和刘备的其他魅力，这就是他的用人，那么孙权是怎么用人的？他的用人和曹操、刘备、诸葛亮又有什么不同呢？厦门大学易中天教授做客百家讲坛，为您精彩品三国之《情天恨海》。
大家知道，三国是一个风云际会、人才辈出的时代，三国的主要领导人也都会用人，孙权也不例外，而且在我看来呢，孙权之会用人，可能仅次于曹操。那么孙权怎么个会用人呢？他是连别国的人才都了如指掌，连别国的人才，他都想为自己所用。比方说，我们曾经跟大家说过，孙权就料定诸葛亮去世以后，杨仪和魏延两个会打起来，那么孙权这个话是对谁说的呢？对费祎说的。我们知道诸葛亮执政以后，就恢复了吴蜀两国的盟好，双方也要互派使节。那么第一次费祎出使吴国的时候，就有一场很好玩的事。当时孙权照例大摆宴席，招待来使，接风嘛，这也是中国人的习惯，人来了要接风，人走了要饯行，是吧。宴席摆好了，孙权就跟大家说，待会儿费祎进来的时候，不要理他，吃你们的东西，大家说好，那么费祎进来以后呢，所有人都在吃东西，谁都不给他打招呼，只有孙权站起来，跟费祎打招呼，“先生辛苦了，先生好”，费祎一看，马上赋诗一首，“凤凰来翔，麒麟吐哺，驴骡无知，伏食如故。”就是说凤凰来了以后，麒麟马上就不吃东西了，出来迎接，驴子啊、马啊、骡子啊，它不懂事，照样在那儿吃草，这样子弄得孙权反而没面子了是吧。这时候诸葛恪就站起来，也赋诗一首，这个意思大概就是说，我们栽了一棵梧桐树，是迎接凤凰的，不知道哪儿飞来一只麻雀，它自称是什么来翔，拿一个弹弓一射，把它射走算了，这算是扯平。这个也是当时吴蜀两国外交史上经常发生的事，就是吴蜀两国恢复盟好了以后，它要经常互派使节，但是你仗不打了，武斗不搞了，文斗还是要搞一搞的。比方说有一次，蜀国有一个使节到吴国来，也是态度非常的，哪个什么吧，吴国有一个叫薛综的人，就去敬酒，敬到蜀国的来使跟前就说，知道你们蜀国的这个“蜀”字怎么讲吗？告诉你吧，有犬为独，加一个反犬旁，就是读繁体的“独”字；无犬为“蜀”，没有狗就叫蜀；横目苟身，目光的“目”横过来了，下面是个一苟（字）的身体；虫入其中，就是虫虫进去了，这就是你们蜀啊。他们经常要闹一点这种小花絮，这个只能做逸闻趣事来听，不是谈判的正式内容。我相信两家谈判的时候，还有很多精彩的对话，所以孙权对费祎非常欣赏，费祎走的时候，孙权跟他说，说先生德高望重，德才兼备，是个难得的人才，一定能够股肱蜀朝，你一定能够成为蜀国的顶梁柱，这一次先生回去，怕是很难再见面了。因为他知道，费祎是个很重要的人，恋恋不舍，取出自己随身佩戴的一把宝刀，送给费祎，这个事情是很重的情分，你知道，军人之间互赠武器，是很重很重的情分。我们有时候看一场战争，两军交战打得非常英勇，打了一个平手，要停战了，要和谈了，双方的将领很可能是一身的尘土，一身的硝烟，一身的血污，甚至一身的伤痕，走上前去，对对方的将领说，兄弟，是条汉子，然后把剑和刀解下来，下回我们战场上再见，非常重的一种情分。中国有一句老话叫宝刀赠烈士，货卖与识家，何况是一国的元首，赠与外国的使臣，何况所赠之物是自己随身佩戴的宝刀，这里面包含着敬重、欣赏、信任，很多很多的信息，从这里我们也可以看出一条，看出什么呢，孙权用人的特征，或者说孙权用人的特点是什么呢？以情感人。
In the year 200 AD, history pushed a young man as young as 18 to the forefront of the competition. He took over the foundation created by his father and brother and carried it forward. This man was Sun Quan. Since taking over Jiangdong’s basic industry, Sun Quan’s personal qualities and political strategies have made other warlords dare not act rashly. Mr. Yi Zhongtian believes that one of the key elements of Sun Quan’s success is that he has a high ambition, does not reveal his talents, and is able to judge the situation and be flexible and able to stretch at critical moments. However, these alone cannot allow Sun Quan to rule Jiangdong alone, forming a tripartite balance. Mr. Yi Zhongtian believes that Sun Quan has other charm that is different from Cao Cao and Liu Bei. This is his employment. So how did Sun Quan employ people? What is the difference between his employment and Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is visiting hundreds of forums to provide you with a wonderful tasting of “Love and Hate the Sea” from the Three Kingdoms.
As you all know, the Three Kingdoms is an era of opportunity and talent, and the main leaders of the Three Kingdoms can also employ people, including Sun Quan. In my opinion, Sun Quan’s ability to employ people may be second only to Cao Cao. So how can Sun Quan use people? He knows the talents of other countries like the palm of his hand, and even the talents of other countries, he wants to use them for himself. For example, we once told everyone that Sun Quan predicted that after Zhuge Liang’s death, Yang Yi and Wei Yan would fight each other. So who did Sun Quan say this to? To Fei Yi. We know that after Zhuge Liang came into power, the alliance between Wu and Shu was restored, and both sides also needed to send envoys to each other. So the first time Fei Yi was on mission to the State of Wu, there was a very interesting event. At that time, Sun Quan held a banquet as usual to entertain envoys and receive greetings. This is also the custom of the Chinese people. When people come, they should receive greetings, and when they leave, they should say goodbye, right. When the banquet was ready, Sun Quan said to everyone, “When Fei Yi comes in later, don’t pay attention to him and eat your food. Everyone said, ‘After Fei Yi comes in, everyone is eating, and no one will greet him. Only Sun Quan stood up and greeted Fei Yi, saying,’ Sir, thank you for your hard work. ‘” Fei Yi looked at it and immediately wrote a poem, “When the phoenix comes to fly, the unicorn spits its nourishment, and the donkeys and mules are ignorant and feed like before.” That means that after the phoenix comes, the unicorn immediately stops eating and comes out to greet the donkey, horse, and mule. He is not sensible and still eats grass there, which makes Sun Quan lose face instead, right. At this time, Zhuge Ke stood up and wrote a poem, which roughly means that we planted a wutong to meet the Phoenix. A sparrow flew from nowhere. It claimed to be flying. Take a slingshot and shoot it away. It’s a draw. This is also a frequent occurrence in the diplomatic history of Wu and Shu at that time. After the restoration of the alliance between Wu and Shu, they will often send envoys to each other, but if you stop fighting, if you stop fighting, if you stop fighting in martial arts, you will still have to engage in civil arts. For example, once, an envoy from the State of Shu came to the State of Wu with a very positive attitude. What’s the matter? A person named Xue Zong from the State of Wu went to toast and saluted the envoy from the State of Shu and said, “Do you know what to say about the word” Shu “in your State of Shu?”? “Let me tell you something, if you have a dog, you should add an anti dog next to it, which is the traditional Chinese word for ‘independence’.”; “Shu” means no dog, and Shu means no dog; The “eye” of the eyes turned sideways, and below it was a body with a single word; When worms enter, they enter. This is your Shu. They often make a little of this kind of trivia, which can only be heard as anecdotes, not as a formal part of the negotiation. “I believe that there are still many wonderful conversations during the negotiations between the two countries, so Sun Quan greatly appreciated Fei Yi. When Fei Yi left, Sun Quan told him that Mr. Fei is highly respected and has both moral integrity and talent. He is a rare talent, and he must be able to lead the Shu Dynasty. You must be able to become the pillar of the Shu Kingdom. This time, when Mr. Fei returns, it may be difficult to meet him again.”. “Because he knows that Fei Yi is a very important person, and he is reluctant to part with it. He takes out a treasured sword he wears with him and gives it to Fei Yi. This matter is a very important bond. You know, it is a very important bond for soldiers to give weapons to each other.”. Sometimes we watch a war, and the two armies fight bravely. After a draw, the truce is over, and peace talks are over. The generals on both sides are likely to be covered in dust, smoke, blood, and even scars. It’s a very important feeling to go forward and say to the other side’s generals, “Brother, it’s a man, and then take off the sword and knife. See you next time on our battlefield.”. There is an old saying in China that a treasured sword is given to a martyr, sold to a family, and given to a foreign envoy by the head of a country. What’s more, the gift is a treasured sword that one carries with him. Here is a message of respect, appreciation, and trust. We can also see one thing from it. What are the characteristics of Sun Quan’s employment, or what are the characteristics of Sun Quan’s employment? Move people with emotion.
【画外音】三国时代真是风云际会、人才辈出，孙权的以情感人和曹操的惟才是举，都有求贤若渴的味道，因此从某种意义上说，三国时代也是一个人才争夺的时代，魏蜀吴三国的战争，也是一个人才争夺战。而纵观魏蜀吴三国，哪一个不礼贤下士、广揽人才，但八仙过海、各显其能，曹操、刘备、孙权、诸葛亮，在对待贤才方面大不相同，那么他们各自都是怎样用人的呢？
我刚才说了，三国是一个人才辈出的时代，三国的主要领导人也都是会用人的，我说的主要领导人是四位，曹操、孙权、刘备、诸葛亮。为什么要算上诸葛亮呢？因为诸葛亮虽然不是国君，但他是蜀汉政权后期实际上的领导核心。那么这四个人的用人，如果我们来比较一下，有什么特点呢？我有12个字的总结，操以智、权以情、备以义、亮以法，就是曹操用人主要靠智慧，孙权用人靠情感，刘备用人靠义气，诸葛亮用人靠法治。诸葛亮的特点是依法治国，就是如果我们要做排行榜，法治诸葛亮第一，根据史书的记载，诸葛亮的时代，他的政府里面是吏不容奸，人怀自厉，佥忘其身。什么意思呢？就是政府里面没有贪官污吏，每个人都非常勤奋的工作，每个人都很忘我的工作，为什么？就因为诸葛亮依法治蜀，而且做到公开、公正、公平，从这个意义上讲，诸葛亮的政府最象政府。相比较而言，曹操、刘备、孙权的那个政府呢，在他们的前期，就不怎么象政府，这也是情有可原，因为曹操、刘备、孙权三个人都有一个从小到大，从无到有的这样的一个过程，在他们的前期是将军幕府，后期才变成帝王朝廷。那么将军幕府呢，它在法制上面，不可能像后来的正规政府，那么的完善、完备，他带有早期创业的那个特点，再加上他们个人的特征呢，因此我的看法是曹操的将军幕府有点象沙龙，操以智，曹操是靠智慧来用人的，他周围也都是一些非常聪明的人，曹操那个地方的聪明人简直是多得不得了，大家聚在一起，坐而论道，谈天论地，像个沙龙。刘备他讲义气，动不动就是食则同器，寝则同床，讲哥们儿义气，所以刘备的幕府有点像帮会，像江湖上的帮派，而且我看有点像丐帮。那么孙权的幕府像什么呢？像家庭，你看孙权的那个幕府里面，张昭——叔叔、仲父，而且孙策的时候，张昭就是仲父嘛。周瑜呢？周瑜像哥哥，像长兄，周瑜和孙策是同岁的，比孙策小一个月，而且跟孙策是一块长大的，北京人说发小，而且接班以后，孙权的母亲吴夫人，还特别交代了孙权兄视之，周瑜是哥哥。那么周瑜和鲁肃呢，又是兄弟，鲁肃和吕蒙呢，也是兄弟，鲁肃和吕蒙是登堂拜母的，拜了对方母亲的，等于就是兄弟了，而且鲁肃来到孙权的这个地方的时候，到孙权的幕府去以后，孙权是给鲁肃的母亲送衣服、送被子、送蚊帐、送家里的用品，就像一个侄子对婶娘一样，就这么个感觉，所以吕蒙和鲁肃是兄弟，鲁肃和周瑜是兄弟，周瑜和孙权是兄弟，这是什么？兄弟连。
[Voice over] The Three Kingdoms era was truly a time of opportunity and talent. Both Sun Quan’s emotion and Cao Cao’s talent seeking skills had a taste of thirst for talent. Therefore, in a sense, the Three Kingdoms era was also an era of talent competition, and the wars of Wei, Shu, Wu, and the Three Kingdoms were also battles for one person. Throughout the Three Kingdoms of Wei, Shu, Wu, and Wu, which one did not respect worthy corporals and widely recruit talented people, but the Eight Immortals crossed the sea and showed their abilities. Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Sun Quan, and Zhuge Liang differed greatly in their treatment of talented people, so how did they each employ them?
As I said just now, the Three Kingdoms were an era in which only one person was born, and the main leaders of the Three Kingdoms were also capable of employing people. The main leaders I mentioned were four, Cao Cao, Sun Quan, Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang. Why should we count Zhuge Liang? Because although Zhuge Liang was not the monarch, he was actually the core of leadership in the late Shu Han regime. So what are the characteristics of the employment of these four people if we compare them? I have a 12 word summary. Cao Cao relies mainly on wisdom, Sun Quan relies on emotion, Liu Bei relies on loyalty, and Zhuge Liang relies on the rule of law in employing people. The characteristic of Zhuge Liang is to rule the country according to law, which is that if we want to make a ranking, Zhuge Liang ranked first in the rule of law. According to historical records, in Zhuge Liang’s era, officials were not allowed to be unfaithful in his government, and people were self-reliant and forgot about themselves. What does it mean? There are no corrupt officials in the government, everyone is very diligent in their work, and everyone is very selfless in their work. Why? Just because Zhuge Liang ruled Shu according to law, and achieved openness, fairness, and fairness, in this sense, Zhuge Liang’s government is most like the government. Comparatively speaking, the government of Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan was not much like the government in their early days, which is understandable, because Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan all had a process of growing from small to large, and from scratch. In their early days, they were the generals’ shogunate, and later became the imperial court. As for the general shogunate, it cannot be as perfect and complete as the later formal government in terms of legal system. It has the characteristics of early entrepreneurship, coupled with their personal characteristics. Therefore, my opinion is that Cao Cao’s general shogunate is a bit like a salon. Cao Cao uses wisdom to employ people, and there are also some very intelligent people around him. There are simply no shortage of intelligent people in Cao Cao’s place, Everyone gets together, sits and talks, and talks like a salon. Liu Bei speaks of loyalty. He always eats the same things, sleeps the same bed, and talks about brotherhood. Therefore, Liu Bei’s shogunate is a bit like a gang, like a gang in the Jianghu, and I think it’s a bit like the Beggars’ Sect. So what does Sun Quan’s shogunate look like? Like a family, if you look at Sun Quan’s shogunate, Zhang Zhao – uncle and Zhongfu, and when Sun Ce was there, Zhang Zhao was Zhongfu. What about Zhou Yu? Zhou Yu is like an older brother, like an older brother. Zhou Yu and Sun Ce are the same age, one month younger than Sun Ce, and grew up together with Sun Ce. Beijingers say that they were very young, and after taking over, Sun Quan’s mother, Mrs. Wu, specifically explained that Sun Quan regarded Zhou Yu as an older brother. So Zhou Yu and Lu Su are brothers, and Lu Su and Lv Meng are brothers. Lu Su and Lv Meng worship each other’s mother in the hall, which means they are brothers. Moreover, when Lu Su came to Sun Quan’s place and went to Sun Quan’s shogunate, Sun Quan sent clothes, quilts, mosquito nets, and household supplies to Lu Su’s mother, just like a nephew to his aunt, So Lu Meng and Lu Su are brothers, Lu Su and Zhou Yu are brothers, and Zhou Yu and Sun Quan are brothers. What is this? Brothers company.
