＊易中天先生刚才讲到，在赤壁之战前，曹操莫名其妙地给孙权写了一封信，关于这封信，史学界有不同的意见。如果真有这封信，这对诸葛亮来说，无疑是一件好事，这封信的存在一下把孙权和曹操直接对立起来，本来事不关己的孙权不得不介入这个战争之中。但问题是，这封信是什么时候到的？它对孙权做出决定有什么影响？鲁肃又会拿着这封信怎样为孙权算账呢？
那么第三个问题就是这封信什么时候送到的呢？应该是诸葛亮和鲁肃回到柴桑的时候，这个事司马光的《资治通鉴》也这么认为，只不过他是说鲁肃和诸葛亮到了柴桑以后，诸葛亮马上就见到了孙权，然后孙权就接受了诸葛亮的建议，就召集会议讨论是不是联合刘备对抗曹操，这个时候信送到了，他说“是时”，他用了这两个字，“是”就是这，这个时候曹操的信正好到了。那么我们的看法呢，信应该也就是同时到了，但是我不认为孙权收到这封信以后他还不先开会，先找诸葛亮谈谈，我认为他应该先开会，开内部会议，自己家里人关起门来先讨论讨论怎么办再说。那么在这个会上，是一片投降论调，都主张投降曹操，只有一个人没说话，鲁肃，会就开不下去了，孙权就起来上厕所，然后鲁肃就跟了过去，孙权马上明白了，鲁肃有话要说，而且鲁肃的这个话是不能当众说的，是悄悄话，于是孙权就会过头来拉住鲁肃的手说：子敬，有什么话要跟我说吗？鲁肃说：是有话说，刚才我听子布他们，就是张昭他们，都劝将军投降曹操，这是误将军啊，曹操能不能投降，要看谁，比如我鲁肃是可以投降的，但是将军您是不能投降的，为什么呢？我鲁肃投降了曹操，了不起回家乡去再做个老百姓，我在家乡做个老百姓我还可以通过地方上的考核推荐再报考公务员啊，我还可以从什么县丞、县令啊这些小官一步一步地做起，做到老了我做个太守，做个州牧那总是没有问题吧，我总可以坐着一辆牛车去跟士大夫交往吧；将军您投降了曹操，到哪儿去呢？很重要的八个字：将军迎曹，欲安所归。也就是像你这样称霸一方的诸侯，你投降了曹操，有归宿吗？
As Mr. Yi Zhongtian mentioned just now, before the Battle of Chibi, Cao Cao inexplicably wrote a letter to Sun Quan. Regarding this letter, the historians have different opinions. “If there were indeed this letter, it would undoubtedly be a good thing for Zhuge Liang. The existence of this letter once directly opposed Sun Quan and Cao Cao, and Sun Quan, who was originally irrelevant, had to intervene in this war.”. But the question is, when did this letter arrive? What impact does it have on Sun Quan’s decision? How would Lu Su handle Sun Quan’s account with this letter?
So the third question is when did this letter arrive? It should have been the time when Zhuge Liang and Lu Su returned to Chaisang, and Sima Guang’s “General Guide to Governance” also believed that, except that he said that after Lu Su and Zhuge Liang arrived at Chaisang, Zhuge Liang immediately met Sun Quan, and then Sun Quan accepted Zhuge Liang’s suggestion, and convened a meeting to discuss whether to unite Liu Bei against Cao Cao. At this time, the letter arrived, and he said, “Yes,” and he used these two words, “Yes,” that’s it, At this moment, Cao Cao’s letter arrived just in time. In our opinion, the letter should have arrived at the same time, but I don’t think Sun Quan won’t hold a meeting first after receiving this letter. He should first talk to Zhuge Liang. I think he should hold an internal meeting first, and his family should close the door and discuss what to do first. So at this meeting, there was a lot of talk of surrender, all advocating surrender to Cao Cao. Only one person didn’t speak, Lu Su, and the meeting couldn’t go on. Sun Quan got up and went to the bathroom, and then Lu Su followed over. Sun Quan immediately understood that Lu Su had something to say, and Lu Su’s words could not be spoken in public, they were whispered. So Sun Quan turned around and grabbed Lu Su’s hand and said, “Zi Jing, do you have anything to say to me?”? Lu Su said, “There is something to say. Just now, I heard that Zibu and Zhang Zhao, both of them, urged the general to surrender to Cao Cao. This was a mistake for the general. Whether or not Cao Cao can surrender depends on who. For example, I, Lu Su, can surrender, but General, you cannot surrender. Why?”? “I, Lu Su, surrendered to Cao Cao and went back to my hometown to become a common person again. As a common person in my hometown, I could also pass local assessments and recommend myself to apply for civil service. I could also start with small officials such as county officials and county officials step by step, so that when I grow old, I can always be a prefect and a state pastor. I can always take an ox cart to socialize with scholars and doctors.”; General, you surrendered to Cao Cao, where are you going? Eight important words: The general welcomes Cao and wants to return safely. Is there a fate for a vassal like you who dominates one side and surrenders to Cao Cao?
这话说到孙权心眼里去了，而孙权最担心的就是这个问题，这才既是他集团的利益，又是他个人的利益。你想想刘琮当年投降曹操，傅巽是怎么跟他算账的？傅巽跟他说将军您想想看，要抵抗曹操靠谁呢，靠刘备，那么刘备抵挡得住吗？如果抵挡不住将军您完蛋，如果刘备抵挡得住曹操他还会做您的部下吗？刘琮一想，对啊，我还是投降吧。那么鲁肃这样一算，孙权说对啊，我投降了以后我当什么呢？于是他拉着鲁肃的手说，这是上天把足下赐给我呀。这个话是诸葛亮说不了的，因为立场不一样嘛，他不是孙权的人，不是他没有这个水平啊，他不是孙权的人，他不能说，他也说不了。只有鲁肃这样的自己人，而且是帮孙权策划过建号帝王以图天下这样一个规划的人，他才能说，他也才说得出，孙权也才听得进，而且他们之间也才能达成这样一种心照不宣的默契，也才能够做到一点就通，而且这个话打动了孙权。
This remark went into Sun Quan’s mind, and what Sun Quan was most worried about was this issue, which was both his group’s interests and his personal interests. How did Fu Xun settle accounts with Liu Cong when he surrendered to Cao Cao? Fu Xun told him that General, if you want to think about it, who can resist Cao Cao? By Liu Bei, can Liu Bei withstand it? If you can’t resist General, you’re ruined. If Liu Bei can resist Cao Cao, will he still be your subordinate? Liu Cong thought, “Yes, I’d better surrender.”. After Lu Su’s calculation, Sun Quan was right. What shall I be after I surrender? “So he took Lu Su’s hand and said, ‘This is what heaven has given me.'”. “This is something that Zhuge Liang cannot say, because his position is different. He is not Sun Quan’s person, not that he does not have this level. He is not Sun Quan’s person, he cannot say it, nor can he say it.”. Only a person like Lu Su, who helped Sun Quan plan such a plan as establishing a number of emperors to map the world, can he speak, he can speak, Sun Quan can listen, and they can reach such a tacit understanding between them, and they can achieve a little understanding, which moved Sun Quan.
＊一提到鲁肃，人们就会想到一个忠厚长者的形象，《三国演义》把鲁肃塑造成为诚实君子，对他的才能表现不足。其实历史上的鲁肃是一个具有政治眼光的人，他设计的东吴版的“隆中对”，就显示了他高人一等的战略眼光，让孙权极为佩服。刘表死后，鲁肃提出联刘抗曹，亲自出使荆州，为赤壁之战的胜利创造了先决条件。在曹操的强大压力下，孙权是战是降犹豫不定，鲁肃力排众议，让孙权十分感叹。那么，鲁肃的话为什么能够打动孙权呢？易中天先生认为，这才真正是促使孙权联合刘备对抗曹操的原因，有根据吗？
When it comes to Lu Su, people often think of the image of a loyal elder. “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” portrays Lu Su as an honest gentleman, underexpressing his talents. In fact, Lu Su in history was a person with political vision. His design of the “Long Zhong Pai” in the Soochow Dynasty version showed his superior strategic vision, which was greatly admired by Sun Quan. After Liu Biao’s death, Lu Su proposed to unite Liu against Cao and personally sent an envoy to Jingzhou, creating preconditions for the victory of the Battle of Chibi. Under the strong pressure of Cao Cao, Sun Quan hesitated over whether to fight or surrender. Lu Su’s efforts to eliminate popular opinions greatly impressed Sun Quan. So, why could Lu Su’s words impress Sun Quan? Mr. Yi Zhongtian believes that this is the real reason that prompted Sun Quan to unite Liu Bei against Cao Cao. Is there any basis?
我们有三个史料作证据，第一件，就是赤壁之战以后，鲁肃先从战场上回来了，然后孙权把自己身边所有的要员都派出去迎接鲁肃，自己也亲自从屋里边走出来迎接鲁肃，按照最高的规格来迎接凯旋归来的鲁肃。这时孙权说了这样一句话，说子敬啊，孤今天可是给足了你面子噢。鲁肃说，没给够。当时所有人都大惊失色，怎么这样说话？鲁肃不慌不忙地往里走，两个人坐下来以后，鲁肃举着鞭子说，鲁肃的愿望是什么呢？是将军您有一天能够获得至高无上的地位，荡平四海，一统天下，到那个时候，您再派一辆舒舒服服的小车子来接鲁肃，鲁肃才觉得那才是面子十足呢！什么意思？你当皇帝啊。孙权哈哈大笑，哈哈大笑什么意思？心里想的嘛。
第二个证据就是孙权称帝的时候，这是赤壁之战二十二年以后了，鲁肃已经不在了。孙权称帝的时候要登坛，他走走走，走到半截子突然回过头来说：诸位知道不知道，鲁子敬早就想到朕有今天啊，嗯，真是明于事理呀！也说明孙权想称帝是他的真实想法。
We have three historical materials as evidence. The first is that after the Battle of Chibi, Lu Su first returned from the battlefield, and then Sun Quan sent out all the important personnel around him to meet Lu Su. He also personally walked out of the room to meet Lu Su, and greeted the triumphant return of Lu Su according to the highest standards. At this moment, Sun Quan said, “Zi Jing, I have given you enough face today.”. Lu Su said, “Not enough.”. At that time, everyone was in a panic. How could they speak like this? “Lu Su walked calmly inwardly. After the two of them sat down, Lu Su held up his whip and said, ‘What is Lu Su’s wish?'”? General, one day you can achieve supreme status, wipe out the world, and unify the world. At that time, you can send a comfortable little car to pick up Lu Su, and Lu Su feels that it is full of face! what do you mean? You are the emperor. Sun Quan laughed, what does it mean to laugh? I think so.
The second evidence is that when Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor, it was 22 years after the Battle of Chibi, and Lu Su was no longer there. When Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor, he was about to ascend the altar. He walked around and suddenly turned around halfway to say, “Do you know, Lu Zijing had long thought of me as I am today? Hmm, how sensible I am!”! It also shows that Sun Quan’s desire to become emperor is his true idea.
第三个证据就是孙权称帝以后，那个当年主张投降曹操的张昭也举起芴来准备来歌功颂德一番，祝贺陛下如何如何。孙权把手一挡，慢着，张公啊，你就算了吧，当年朕要是听了张公你的话，别说是现在当皇帝，恐怕现在在讨饭呢。那么这三个证据都说明，打动孙权的，使孙权下定决心联合刘备的，就是鲁肃的那句话：将军迎曹，欲安所归。
那么不投降曹操，那就只有联合刘备。那么联合刘备，就要考虑一下刘备是可联合还是不可联合。因为这个时候哪怕是对抗曹操，孙权也还有两种选择，一种是联合刘备对抗曹操，还有一种是不联合刘备，自己对抗曹操，他也有两种选择。那当然，如果刘备是可以联合的，联合是合算的，虽然他是弱我是强，但是在不能实现强强联合的时候，强弱联合有时候也不是不可以考虑的。那么刘备能不能联合？这个问题要问谁呢？诸葛亮，这个问题是鲁肃回答不了的。
The third evidence is that after Sun Quan became emperor, Zhang Zhao, who advocated surrender to Cao Cao in those years, also raised fluorene to prepare to sing praises and congratulate His Majesty. Sun Quan put his hand in the way. Wait a minute, Duke Zhang, forget it. If I had listened to Duke Zhang, let alone become emperor now, I’m afraid I would be begging now. So these three evidences all show that what moved Sun Quan and made Sun Quan determined to unite with Liu Bei was Lu Su’s sentence: “The general welcomed Cao and wanted to be safe.”.
If you don’t surrender to Cao Cao, then you can only unite with Liu Bei. To unite Liu Bei, it is necessary to consider whether Liu Bei can be united or not. Because at this time, even against Cao Cao, Sun Quan still has two options, one is to unite Liu Bei against Cao Cao, and the other is not to unite Liu Bei against Cao Cao himself. He also has two options. Of course, if Liu Bei can unite, it is cost-effective. Although he is weak and I am strong, sometimes it is not impossible to consider a strong weak alliance when it cannot be achieved. Can Liu Bei unite? Who should I ask this question? Zhuge Liang, Lu Su couldn’t answer this question.
