经过鲁肃、周瑜和诸葛亮的劝说，孙权审时度势，最终决定联合刘备、对抗曹操，赤壁之战由此发生。然而，历史上对于这场战争的记载却是疑云重重，历史学家的看法也众说纷纭，有人甚至认为那不过是一次普普通通的遭遇战。那么赤壁之战的真相究竟如何？敬请关注《易中天品三国》之——赤壁疑云。
赤壁之战。是中国战争史上著名的一场以少胜多的战例，《三国演义》更是花了八回篇幅浓墨重彩加以描述战争过程，其中的“舌战群儒”“智激周瑜”“草船借箭”等故事可以说是妇孺皆知。然而对于这场战争，历史上的记载却是疑云重重，其中有一家就认为，赤壁之战时曹军只有五千人。对于曹操的失败原因，历史学家们也是众说纷纭，有人竟归究于天命。那么赤壁之战究竟是怎样一个过程呢？孙、刘联军到底是如何打败曹操的？赤壁之战的成败得失对于我们现代人又有着怎样的启发？厦门大学易中天教授将独辟蹊径，为您精彩分析“赤壁疑云”。
After persuasion by Lu Su, Zhou Yu, and Zhuge Liang, Sun Quan reviewed the situation and finally decided to unite Liu Bei against Cao Cao, resulting in the Battle of Chibi. However, the historical record of this war is fraught with doubts, and historians have varying opinions. Some even believe that it was just a common encounter. So what is the truth of the Battle of Chibi? Please pay attention to “Yi Zhong Tian Pin Three Kingdoms” – Red Cliff Suspicious Clouds.
The Battle of Chibi. “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” devotes eight chapters to describing the process of the war, with stories such as “fighting with tongues among scholars”, “intellectually stimulating Zhou Yu”, and “borrowing arrows from grass boats”. However, the historical records of this war are full of doubts. One of them believed that during the Battle of Chibi, there were only 5000 Cao troops. Historians also have divergent opinions on the reasons for Cao Cao’s failure, with some people actually blaming fate. So what was the process of the Battle of Chibi? How on earth did the Sun and Liu allied forces defeat Cao Cao? What inspiration does the success or failure of the Battle of Chibi have for us modern people? Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University will take a unique approach and provide you with a wonderful analysis of the “Red Cliff Mystery”.
易中天：
这集我们讲赤壁之战，赤壁之战是三国史上一场有名的战争，稍微知道一点三国的人没有不知道赤壁之战的，这个要归功于罗贯中，因为罗贯中的《三国演义》浓墨重彩描述的就是这场战争。有人说《三国演义》这本书是七分实三分虚，那么惟独在赤壁之战这个问题上，它是七分虚三分实。赤壁之战这场战争实际上在正史上留下的记载非常之少，而且不乏矛盾之处，而遗留的问题一大堆。有些什么问题呢？五个问题：第一，谁的战争；第二，规模如何；第三，时间地点；第四，过程结果；第五，胜败原因。这五个问题上都有疑难，以至于史学界多次爆发“新赤壁之战”，那么我们一条一条来看。
Yi Zhongtian:
In this episode, we will talk about the Battle of Chibi, which is a famous war in the history of the Three Kingdoms. People who know a little about the Three Kingdoms are not unaware of the Battle of Chibi. This is due to Luo Guanzhong, because his “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” vividly describes this war. Some people say that the book “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” is divided into seven parts and three parts, but only on the issue of the Battle of Chibi, it is divided into seven parts and three parts. The Battle of Chibi has actually left very few records in official history, and there are many contradictions, while there are a lot of problems left over. What are the problems? Five questions: First, whose war is it; Second, what is the scale; Third, time and place; Fourth, process results; Fifth, the reasons for victory and defeat. “These five issues are so difficult that the historical community has repeatedly erupted in the” New Red Cliff War, “so let’s take a look at them one by one.”.
第一是谁的战争？也就是说这场战争原本是曹、刘之战呢，还是曹、孙之战？应该说在开始的时候，就是建安十三年七月曹操南下的时候，他的目的是要夺荆州、伐刘表、灭刘备，这个目的当曹操夺取了江陵以后应该说是基本上已经完成了，他为什么还要顺江东下？他顺江东下到底是打谁的？有两种不同意见，一种说是打刘备的，孙权被诸葛亮、鲁肃和周瑜拉下水了；还有一种观点，就是打孙权的，主张是打孙权的观点的依据主要是曹操写给孙权的那封信，而那封信我们知道本身是可疑的。那么我的看法呢，应该说他的孙江东下是打刘备，也打孙权。因为这个可以从孙权对周瑜的话来作证明，孙权跟周瑜说：公瑾兄，你带着军队先走，打得赢固然好，大不赢你回来，孤亲自与曹孟德决一死战。他是这样说的，这说明曹操的目标是孙权；如果曹操的目标是刘备，而孙权是被拉下水帮刘备的，孙权的话就应该这样说：公瑾兄，你带着部队去看看，打得赢咱捞一把，大不赢你赶快回来，咱不管那刘豫州的死活了。他应该这么说。但是问题在于，孙权的这段话是记载在《江表传》里面的，是不是可靠也是一个问题，我们先把它放下。
Whose war is the first? Is this war originally the battle between Cao and Liu, or the battle between Cao and Sun? It should be said that at the beginning, in July of the 13th year of Jian’an, when Cao Cao went south, his goal was to seize Jingzhou, attack Liu Biao, and destroy Liu Bei. This goal should be basically completed after Cao Cao captured Jiangling. Why did he still go east along the river? Who did he hit when he went down the river? There are two different opinions. One is that it was against Liu Bei, and Sun Quan was dragged into the water by Zhuge Liang, Lu Su, and Zhou Yu; There is also a view that it is against Sun Quan. The basis for asserting that it is against Sun Quan is mainly the letter written by Cao Cao to Sun Quan, and we know that the letter itself is suspicious. In my opinion, it should be said that his Sun Jiangdong attack Liu Bei and Sun Quan. Because this can be proved by what Sun Quan said to Zhou Yu, Sun Quan said to Zhou Yu, “Brother Gongjin, you take the army and go first. It’s good to win. If you don’t win, you’ll come back and fight Cao Mengde to the death.”. He said this, which shows that Cao Cao’s goal is Sun Quan; If Cao Cao’s target is Liu Bei, and Sun Quan was dragged into the water to help Liu Bei, Sun Quan’s words should be like this: Brother Gongjin, take your troops to have a look, and if you win, we will make a profit. If you don’t win, you can come back as soon as possible. We don’t care whether Liu Yuzhou is alive or dead. He should say so. The problem is that Sun Quan’s passage is recorded in the “Biography of Jiang Biao”, and whether it is reliable is also a question. Let’s put it down first.
第二就是规模如何？有一种说法说这场战争其实曹操只有五千人，就是他追赶刘备一路追过来的那五千轻骑兵，证据在哪里呢？证据在诸葛亮的话里面，诸葛亮对孙权说曹操劳师远征，追赶刘豫州一日一夜三百里，追到这个地方来已成了强弩之末，很显然就是指那五千轻骑兵嘛。但是如果曹操的军队只有这五千轻骑兵的时候，刘备见了周瑜，周瑜告诉他带来了三万人，刘备怎么会说“很少”呢？你三万加上刘备一万，加上刘琦一万，五万人对五千人还少啊？可见曹操这个时候不只五千人。而且《周瑜传》的正文说得很清楚，说：“曹公入荆州，刘琮举众降，曹公得其水军，船步兵数十万。”这是《三国志·周瑜传》正文记载的，也就是说曹操这个时候应该有几十万人，到底是几十万我们搞不清楚，学术界的说法有五十万、四十万、二十万这样几种，就是我在上集也算过账，八十万打个对折四十万，再打个对折二十万，再打个对折也有十万。
那么算这些账是为了确定这场战争的时间、地点，如果说五千人的说法能够成立，那这种说法是个什么意思呢？就是曹操五千轻骑兵一日一夜三百里从襄阳追到当阳，打了刘备一家伙以后到了江陵，然后从江陵又赶过来了，赶过来以后没想到这个时候孙、刘已经组成了联军，一家伙撞上去，一场遭遇战，所以曹操打败了。如果情况是这样的话，时间应该是建安十三年的十月，它很快嘛。而如果说曹操这次战争的目的是要打孙权，那么他决不敢只用这五千轻骑兵，他一定要集结部队，他集结部队是要一个时间的。那么这场战争的时间应该是建安十三年的十二月。地点在哪里呢？学术界的意见，倾向性的意见，就是现在的湖北省蒲圻县境内，现在蒲圻县已经改名赤壁市，不是在黄州的那个赤壁，就是不是苏东坡写赤壁赋和赤壁词的赤壁。所以现在湖北有一个说法，叫“文武赤壁”，文赤壁就是苏东坡写赤壁词和赤壁赋的那个赤壁，武赤壁就是现在赤壁市的那个赤壁，是赤壁之战的赤壁。
Second, what is the scale? There is a saying that in this war, Cao Cao actually only had five thousand people, the five thousand light cavalry soldiers he chased after Liu Bei. Where is the evidence? The evidence is in Zhuge Liang’s words. Zhuge Liang told Sun Quan that Cao Cao’s laboring expedition, chasing Liu Yuzhou for 300 miles a day and a night, had become a powerful weapon in the end. It was clearly referring to the 5000 light cavalry. But if Cao Cao’s army had only these 5000 light cavalry troops, Liu Bei met Zhou Yu and Zhou Yu told him to bring 30000 people, how could Liu Bei say “very few”? If you add 30000 yuan to Liu Bei 10000 yuan and Liu Qi 10000 yuan, 50000 people are still less than 5000 people? It can be seen that Cao Cao had more than 5000 people at this time. Moreover, the text of “The Biography of Zhou Yu” is very clear, saying, “Duke Cao entered Jingzhou, Liu Cong raised his troops, and Duke Cao obtained his navy and hundreds of thousands of ship and infantry.” This is recorded in the text of “The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, The Biography of Zhou Yu”, which means that there should be hundreds of thousands of people in Cao Cao at this time, and we can’t figure out exactly how many hundreds of thousands there are. There are several academic statements such as 500000, 400000, and 200000, even if I calculated them in the last episode, “If you give a half discount of 400000 yuan, give another half discount of 200000 yuan, and give another half discount of 100000 yuan.”.
So these accounts are calculated to determine the time and place of the war. If the statement of 5000 people can be established, what does this statement mean? “It was Cao Cao’s 5000 light cavalry troops who chased from Xiangyang to Dangyang 300 miles a day and night. After attacking Liu Bei and his fellow, they arrived in Jiangling, and then they rushed back from Jiangling. Unexpectedly, by this time, Sun and Liu had formed a coalition army. One of them collided with each other, causing an encounter, so Cao Cao defeated them.”. If this is the case, the time should be October of the 13th year of Jian’an. It’s very fast. If Cao Cao’s purpose in this war was to defeat Sun Quan, he would never dare to use only these 5000 light cavalry troops. He must assemble his troops, and it would take him some time to do so. The time of this war should be December of the 13th year of Jian’an. Where is the location? The opinion of the academic community, as well as the tendentious opinion, is that in Puqi County, Hubei Province, the name of Puqi County has now been changed to Chibi City. It is either the Chibi City in Huangzhou or the Chibi City where Su Dongpo wrote the Chibi Fu and Chibi Ci. So now there is a saying in Hubei that it is called “Wenwu Chibi”. Wenchibi is the Chibi that Su Dongpo wrote the Chibi Ci and the Chibi Fu. Wuchibi is the Chibi that is now in Chibi City, the Chibi of the Battle of Chibi.
＊经过易中天先生的分析，赤壁之战的时间、地点和任务确定了，我们关心的是曹操与孙刘联军双方是如何谋划这场生死存亡大战的。《三国演义》中描述的是诸葛亮策划了火攻，确定了抗曹的战略，同时帮助周瑜草船借箭，准备好了武器；而曹操则是在政治上派蒋干劝降周瑜，同时军事上咄咄逼人，大举进攻，然而初一交战曹军竟然失败了，这是怎么回事呢？历史上赤壁之战的过程究竟是如何的呢？
After Mr. Yi Zhongtian’s analysis, the time, location, and task of the Battle of Chibi have been determined. What we are concerned about is how Cao Cao and Sun Liu’s allied forces planned this war of life and death. “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” describes that Zhuge Liang planned a fire attack, determined a strategy to resist Cao, and helped Zhou Yu borrow arrows and prepare weapons; While Cao Cao sent Jiang Gan politically to persuade Zhou Yu to surrender, he was also aggressive militarily and launched a massive offensive. However, in the first day of the war, Cao Cao’s army unexpectedly failed. What happened? What was the process of the Battle of Chibi in history?
那么下面的问题就是过程和结果。这个过程《三国演义》是写得非常精彩的，从决策开始一直到战争结束，当中很多很多故事，而且这些故事都已经变成了新的成语了，比方说舌战群儒啊，变成成语了。但是我说了，《三国演义》在这个问题上是七分虚三分实，很多事情是没有发生过的，比方说舌战群儒，这是没有发生过的，智激周瑜也没有发生过的，还有周瑜突然一天生病，诸葛亮去看他，什么在手心写个条子，欲破曹公须用火攻，万事诸备只欠东风，这也是没有的，但是都已经成了我们的口头禅了，等等都是没有的。那么有些事是有点影儿的，比方说蒋干中计，这是有点影的，为什么呢？蒋干这个人是有的。另外草船借箭这个事也有一点影，但不是发生在诸葛亮身上，是发生在孙权的身上，时间是在建安十八年，那就比赤壁之战更晚了。建安十八年的时候曹操和孙权作战，有一次孙权驾着船到曹操的营寨里面去看，曹操命令放箭，箭射到了孙权的船上，然后船就歪了，倾斜了，于是孙权下命令调个头，再让他射，曹操又射箭，然后两边箭射得差不多，一会儿船就平过来了，孙权把船开走了。说是这么一个故事，他也不是借箭。而且有人算过说草船借箭在技术上不可能，他算过要多少个草人，这些草人有多重，摆成一排有多长，要多少多少船才能够借到十多万支箭，等等等等有人算过，我也不会算这个，技术上是不可能，这个事我们也以后再说。
The following questions are the process and results. “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” is a wonderfully written process, from the beginning of decision-making to the end of the war, with many stories, and these stories have become new idioms, such as fighting words among scholars. But as I said, “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” has seven false points and three true points on this issue, and many things have not happened before, such as fighting with a group of scholars. This has not happened, nor has Zhou Yu, who was intellectually motivated, suddenly fell ill one day. Zhuge Liang went to see him and wrote a note in the palm of his hand, saying that if you want to break Cao Gong, you need to use fire to attack him, and everything needs to be prepared. This is also not true, But it has become our mantra, and there is no such thing as that. So some things are a bit of a shadow, such as Chiang Kai shek’s plot, which is a bit of a shadow, why? Jiang Gan is a man of his own. In addition, the matter of borrowing arrows from a straw boat also had a slight impact, but it did not happen to Zhuge Liang, but to Sun Quan. The time was in the 18th year of Jian’an, which was even later than the Battle of Chibi. In the 18th year of Jian’an, Cao Cao and Sun Quan fought. Once, Sun Quan drove a boat to Cao Cao’s camp to see. Cao Cao ordered the arrow to be fired, and the arrow hit Sun Quan’s boat. Then the boat tilted and tilted. Sun Quan ordered him to turn around and let him shoot again. Cao Cao shot the arrow again, and the arrows on both sides were almost the same. After a while, the boat leveled off, and Sun Quan drove the boat away. To tell such a story, he didn’t borrow an arrow. Moreover, some people have calculated that it is technically impossible for a straw boat to borrow arrows. They have calculated how many straw men it takes, how many straw men they weigh, how long they can be arranged in a row, and how many ships it takes to borrow more than 100000 arrows. Wait a minute. Some people have calculated, but I won’t calculate this either. Technically, it is impossible. We will discuss this matter later.
那么实际的战斗情况是怎么样的呢？我把这个正史上记载的过程给大家讲一讲。正史的记载，比较可靠的是《三国志·周瑜传》，《周瑜传》的原文是这样的：“时曹公军已有疾病，初一交战，公军败退，引次江北，瑜等在南岸。”也就是曹操带着水军从江陵顺长江东下，周瑜等人率领孙刘联军从长江逆江而上，两家在什么地方呢？在赤壁这个地方相遇了。这个时候曹操的军队已经得了病，刚一交战曹军就败了，于是曹军就退到了长江的北岸，乌林，乌林在哪里？在现在湖北省的洪湖市，而孙刘联军就驻扎在南岸，在赤壁。那么初一交战曹操为什么会打败仗呢？四个原因，张作耀先生的《曹操评传》这本书里面讲述了这样一场战争的过程和胜败原因，有兴趣的朋友可以去看，张先生提出来曹操初一交战失败有四个原因：第一个就是疾疫流行，曹军已经得了某一种严重的传染病，丧失了战斗力；第二个原因是曹军不习水战，它本来是北方的军队，它不善于水战；第三个原因是曹操料敌不周，就是没想到下来以后会撞上孙刘联军，轻敌了；第四个原因是狭路相逢，因为曹操虽然人多，他主要使用的是水军，那么水军和水军打仗它是在江上面，你江上面人多有什么用呢？就那么大个地方，你一个不习惯水战的碰上了一伙习惯水战的，还是病人，肯定是打败了。就是两军隔江相驻。
So what is the actual combat situation? Let me tell you about the process recorded in the official history. According to official history, the more reliable record is the “Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms – Biography of Zhou Yu”. The original text of the “Biography of Zhou Yu” is as follows: “At that time, Cao’s army was already ill, and on the first day of the first day of the war, the army retreated, leading to the north of the Yangtze River, while Yu and others were on the south bank.” That is to say, Cao Cao led the water army down the Yangtze River from Jiangling to the east, and Zhou Yu and others led the Sun Liu coalition army up the Yangtze River. Where are the two located? I met at the place of Chibi. At this time, Cao Cao’s army had already fallen ill, and as soon as the battle began, Cao Cao’s army was defeated. So Cao Cao’s army retreated to the north bank of the Yangtze River. Where is the Wulin? In Honghu City, now in Hubei Province, the Sun Liu Allied Army was stationed on the south bank, in Chibi. So why did Cao Cao lose the battle on the first day of the Chinese New Year? Four reasons: Mr. Zhang Zuoyao’s “Commentary on Cao Cao” tells the process and reasons for the victory and defeat of such a war. Interested friends can go and see it. Mr. Zhang points out that there are four reasons for the failure of Cao Cao’s first battle: the first is the epidemic, and Cao Cao’s army has suffered from a serious infectious disease and lost combat effectiveness; The second reason is that Cao’s army is not accustomed to water warfare. It was originally a northern army, but it is not good at water warfare; The third reason is that Cao Cao did not anticipate the enemy well, that is, he did not expect to encounter the Sun Liu Allied Army in the future and underestimate the enemy; The fourth reason is the narrow road encounter, because although Cao Cao has many people, he mainly uses the water army. So when the water army and the water army fight, they are on the river. What’s the use of having many people on the river? In such a large place, if you are not accustomed to water warfare and encounter a group of people who are accustomed to water warfare, you must have been defeated. The two armies are stationed across the river.
这个初一交战的战果，周瑜和诸葛亮都料到了，我们可以回想一下我们上一集讲的周瑜和诸葛亮如何分析这场战争，他们都料到了比方说舍长就短是曹操的弊病，他们两个都讲到了，不习水战，他们也讲到了。还有一条我认为很重要的就是战争的性质，曹操来打刘备、打孙权，用我们今天的话说是“侵略战争”，我们可以打个引号，因为当时不是国家和国家之间的关系，所以只能打个引号，“侵略战”。那么孙权和刘备我们也要打个引号：“自卫反击战”。就是孙权和刘备的军队是为了保家卫国而战争，斗志昂扬；而曹操那边呢，正如周瑜和诸葛亮说的，是疲敝不堪的人率领着离心离德的人，所以初一交战这么多原因加在一起，曹操打败了。
“Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang both anticipated the outcome of the battle on the first day of the first lunar month. We can recall how Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang analyzed the war in our previous episode. They both anticipated, for example, that being short in length was a disadvantage of Cao Cao. Both of them talked about it, and if they were not accustomed to water warfare, they also talked about it.”. Another thing that I think is very important is the nature of war. Cao Cao came to fight Liu Bei and Sun Quan. In our words today, it was a “war of aggression”. We can use quotation marks because it was not a relationship between countries at that time, so we can only use quotation marks, “war of aggression.”. So we should also quote Sun Quan and Liu Bei: “Self defense and counterattack war.”. The armies of Sun Quan and Liu Bei fought to defend their country and their families, with high morale; On the Cao Cao side, as Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang said, it was the exhausted people who led the disloyal people. Therefore, in the first day of the war, so many reasons were combined, and Cao Cao was defeated.
＊曹操虽然出师不利，但是曹军已经是长途跋涉到了长江边上，渡江踏平东吴指日可待，曹操当然不会失去这次千载难逢统一全国的机会。但是曹军大多数是北方人，水上的战斗力不强也是事实，于是《三国演义》中描述庞统献计，用锁链把曹军船舰连接在一起，这虽然使北方的军队可以适应颠簸的战船，但是也给了孙刘联军以可乘之机，于是赤壁之战中最精彩的火烧曹军战船的计谋产生了。那么火烧战船的计谋究竟是谁最先想到的呢？战败后的曹操在华容道究竟有没有遇到关羽呢？
Although Cao Cao had a bad start, his army had already traveled a long way to the Yangtze River, and it was just around the corner to cross the river and level off the Eastern Wu. Of course, Cao Cao would not miss this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to unify the country. However, the majority of Cao’s troops were from the north, and it was also a fact that their combat effectiveness on water was not strong. Therefore, in “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms”, Pang Tong presented a plan to link Cao’s ships together with chains. Although this enabled the northern army to adapt to the bumpy warships, it also gave Sun and Liu’s allied forces an opportunity to take advantage of it. Therefore, the most brilliant plan of burning Cao’s ships in the Battle of Chibi was born. So who first thought of the scheme of burning warships? Did Cao Cao encounter Guan Yu in Huarong Road after his defeat?
曹操打败了，打败了以后怎么办呢？这个时候已经是十二月份了，长江之上寒风凛冽，舰船被波浪颠簸得七歪八扭，而骑惯了马、不习惯坐船的这些曹操军队，再加上生病，可能在船上也是呕吐不止。这个时候曹操就想了一个办法，就把这些舰船连起来，把小船联合在一起就变成一艘大船，它就不颠簸了。那么这个主意是谁出的？不知道，是曹操自己想出来的还是曹操的谋士想出来的，没有记载，但肯定不是庞统。根据《三国志·庞统传》，庞统根本就没有参与这场战争，没庞统什么事，也没徐庶什么事。但是这样一个做法给了孙刘联军可乘之机，这个时候周瑜的部将黄盖就对周瑜说：“今寇众我寡，难以持久。然观操军船舰首尾相接，可烧而走也。”这“寇众我寡”这四个字也证明了这个时候曹操人是多，除了水军把舰船连成一片驻扎在北岸以外，他的陆军也已经开到了，把营寨扎在岸上。黄盖说现在敌人多，我们少，这样僵持下去不是一个事儿，但是我看他们把船连成一片了，那就有办法了，“可烧而走也”，我们干脆就放它一把火，把他烧走。周瑜然其计，采纳了黄盖的计策。于是黄盖诈降，诈降这是有的，也派人送了诈降书，曹操也把送信的人拿来盘问了一番，然后说你要如果是真投降那肯定我是重赏的了，上当了反正是。
Cao Cao has defeated him. What will he do after defeating him? It was already December, and the cold wind was blowing hard over the Yangtze River, and the ships were tossed askew by the waves. These Cao Cao troops, who were accustomed to riding horses and not accustomed to riding ships, combined with their illness, may have been vomiting incessantly on board. At this time, Cao Cao thought of a way to connect these ships and combine the small ships to become a large ship, so that it would not be bumpy. So who came up with the idea? I don’t know if it was Cao Cao’s own idea or Cao Cao’s counselor’s idea. There is no record, but it is definitely not Pang Tong. According to “Records of the Three Kingdoms – Biography of Pang Tong”, Pang Tong was not involved in this war at all. There was nothing to do with Pang Tong or Xu Shu. However, such an approach gave Sun and Liu’s allied forces an opportunity to take advantage of it. At this time, Zhou Yu’s general, Huang Gai, said to Zhou Yu, “Today, there are too many pirates and I am too few to last. However, when the ships of Cao Cao’s army are connected head to tail, they can be burned and left.” The four words “bandits and I am too few” also prove that Cao Cao had many people at this time. In addition to the naval forces connecting the ships and stationed them on the north shore, his army has already arrived and stationed the camp on the shore. Huang Gai said that now there are many enemies and few of us, so it is not a problem to maintain a stalemate like this, but I think they have connected the ship into one piece, so there is a way. “It can be burned and left,” we simply set it on fire and burn it away. Zhou Yu ran his plan and adopted Huang Gai’s plan. So Huang Gai feigned surrender, and there was a fake surrender. He also sent someone to deliver the fake surrender letter. Cao Cao also interrogated the messenger and said that if you really surrender, then I would definitely be rewarded. I was deceived anyway.
