于是这边周瑜和黄盖准备了几十艘船，船上都装满了柴火，又浇上了油，然后在这柴火上蒙了一块布把柴火遮掩起来，船上再插上旗子，大船后面系了些小船，这大概是他们逃回来的那个船。碰巧某一天，突然刮起了东南风，怎么刮的不知道，反正不是诸葛亮借的，反正那天刮起来了，于是黄盖的军队就上了船往北岸走，挂着个降旗，大声说，啊，黄盖投降来了。曹操的军队非常高兴，“呼”地一下都跑出来，站在船上、站在岸上看，说啊，你看那黄盖，就是他黄盖投降来了，投降来了，太好了。等黄盖的船开到跟前以后一起放火，烧着的船撞着曹操的船，借着强劲的东南风，从曹操的水寨一直烧到了曹操岸上的陆军的营寨。那这时候出来看热闹的这些人，有的着了火被烧死了，有的怕被烧死跳水，又被淹死了，你要知道他是北方人嘛，水性不好，狼狈不堪。曹操一看这没救了，下了道命令，放火，我们也放，没烧着的船都给我烧了，反正要走人了，这船不能留给刘备和周瑜啊，咱自己烧吧，撤。
So Zhou Yu and Huang Gai prepared dozens of boats here. They were filled with firewood and poured oil on them. Then they covered the firewood with a cloth to cover it. Flags were planted on the boat, and some small boats were tied behind the big boat. This was probably the boat they had escaped from. It happened that one day, a southeast wind suddenly blew up. I don’t know how it blew. Anyway, it wasn’t borrowed by Zhuge Liang. Anyway, it blew up that day, so Huang Gai’s army boarded the boat and headed for the north shore, hanging a flag and shouting, “Ah, Huang Gai has surrendered.”. “Cao Cao’s army was very happy, and all at once ran out, standing on the boat and watching from the shore, saying, ‘Look at that Huang Gai, it’s him who has surrendered. He has surrendered. It’s great.'”. After Huang Gai’s boat arrived, they set fire together. The burning boat collided with Cao Cao’s boat, and with the strong southeast wind, it burned from Cao Cao’s water stronghold to the army camp on Cao Cao’s shore. At that time, some of the people who came out to watch the bustle caught fire and were burned to death, some were afraid of being burned to death, diving, and drowning. You should know that he was from the north, and his water quality was not good, and he was in a mess. As soon as Cao Cao saw that it was hopeless, he issued an order to set fire to it, and we also set it on fire. All the ships that were not burning were burned by me. Anyway, I have to leave. This ship cannot be left to Liu Bei and Zhou Yu. Let’s burn it ourselves and withdraw.
撤，撤得非常狼狈，从哪里走呢？华容道。当时华容道是个什么样的情况呢？北风凛冽，道路泥泞，估计还刚下过雨，人根本就走不过。曹操只好下一道命令，让羸兵负草填路。什么叫羸兵呢？就是那些弱的，可能是本来就是体弱的，老弱病残，也甚至可能是伤病员，或者是得了传染病的这些人，让他们背着草去填这个路。路还没有完全填好，曹操的骑兵就冲过去了，结果这些负草填路的羸兵被曹操的骑兵踏在泥泞里面，死于非命，非常之惨。这个事情反映了两点，一个是曹操逃亡的狼狈，什么都顾不上了那个时候，第二，确实曹操这人心太狠了，出于人道主义的考虑他这个时候应该做的是，自己的精兵断后，让伤病员先走，但是那个时候好像没有人道主义的观念，曹操就更没有，曹操怎么会有人道主义观念呢？他为了自己的成功从来是不惜别人的生命的，这个以后我们还要再说。顺便说一句，关羽没堵在华容道上，这个事情也是没有的。这就是赤壁之战的全部过程。
Evacuation, it’s very awkward. Where can I go? Klotski. What was the situation of Huarong Road at that time? The north wind is sharp, and the roads are muddy. It is estimated that it has just rained, and people cannot walk at all. Cao Cao had to issue an order to let Lei soldiers fill the road with grass. What is Lei Bing? “Those who are weak, may be physically weak, old, weak, or disabled, or may even be injured or sick, or may have contracted an infectious disease. Let them carry grass to fill the road.”. Before the road was completely filled, Cao Cao’s cavalry rushed over. As a result, these Lei soldiers who were carrying grass to fill the road were trampled in the mud by Cao Cao’s cavalry, and they died fatally. This incident reflected two points. One was the confusion of Cao Cao’s flight, and he couldn’t pay attention to anything at that time. Second, it was true that Cao Cao’s heart was too cruel. For humanitarian reasons, what he should do at this time was to let the wounded and sick leave first after his elite soldiers were cut off. However, it seemed that there was no humanitarian concept at that time, let alone Cao Cao. How could Cao Cao have a humanitarian concept? He has never spared the lives of others for his own success, and we will talk about it again in the future. By the way, Guan Yu was not blocked on Huarong Road, and there was no such thing. This is the entire process of the Battle of Chibi.
＊赤壁之战曹操最终以失败告终，正如易中天先生所说，当年曹操打败袁绍是因为有一面正义的旗帜，而打东吴集团则是一场“侵略”战争，所以败了。然而也有人认为曹操拥有绝对的优势，输给孙刘联军完全是天命。那么，易中天先生认为的曹操赤壁之战失败的根本原因是什么？按照这个观点，曹操在赤壁之战中究竟犯了哪几个致命的错误呢？曹操又是如何一步步从具有绝对优势，到大败而逃的呢？
从这里面裴松之总结出曹操战败的两个原因，裴松之的这个总结在哪里呢？在《三国志·贾诩传》的注里面，既不在《吴主传》，也不在《先主传》，也不在《诸葛亮传》，也不在《周瑜传》《鲁肃传》，是在《贾诩传》里面。裴松之是这样说的，他说：“赤壁之败，盖有运数。实由疾疫大兴，以损凌厉之锋；凯风自南，用成焚如之势。天实为之，岂人事哉！”那么按照裴松之的这个观点，就是曹操之所以在赤壁之战吃了这么大一个败仗，第一是由于他的军队遇上了“非典”或者“禽流感”，得了一场我们现在说不出名字来的大面积感染的流行性的传染病；当然，第二是他做梦也没有想到，一贯刮西北风的冬天会刮起东南风来，实在是运气不好。所以裴松之说“天实为之，岂人事哉”，这是天要灭他，不是他自己有什么错误。但是这个观点我们不太同意，我觉得这场战争曹操的失败有客观原因，也有主观原因，而且曹操的主观原因还很重要。这个问题，参照张作耀先生《曹操评传》里面提出的观点，还有参考学术界的其他观点，我来分析一下曹操失败的原因，当然也是我的个人观点，仅供参考。
“The Battle of Chibi ended in failure for Cao Cao. As Mr. Yi Zhongtian said, in those days, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao because he had a banner of justice, while fighting the Soochow Group was an” invasion “war, so he was defeated.”. However, some people believe that Cao Cao has an absolute advantage and that losing to the Sun Liu Allied Army is entirely fate. So, what is the fundamental reason that Mr. Yi Zhongtian believes Cao Cao’s Battle of Chibi failed? According to this view, what were the fatal mistakes Cao Cao made in the Battle of Red Cliff? How did Cao Cao step by step from having an absolute advantage to fleeing after a major defeat?
From this, Pei Songzhi summarized the two reasons for Cao Cao’s defeat. Where is Pei Songzhi’s summary? In the notes to “The Records of the Three Kingdoms – The Biography of Jia Xu”, they are neither in “The Biography of the Lord Wu”, nor in “The Biography of the First Lord”, nor in “The Biography of Zhuge Liang”, nor in “The Biography of Zhou Yu”, nor in “The Biography of Lu Su”, but in “The Biography of Jia Xu”. Pei Songzhi said this. He said, “The defeat of Chibi was a matter of luck. It was actually caused by an epidemic that flourished to destroy the fierce front, while the victory came from the south and burned as if it were a situation. The reality of heaven was such a disaster!” According to Pei Songzhi, the reason why Cao Cao suffered such a big defeat in the Battle of Chibi was due to the fact that his army encountered “SARS” or “avian influenza”, Got a pandemic that we can’t name right now, with a large area of infection; Of course, the second reason was that he never dreamed that in the winter when the northwest wind was always blowing, there would be southeast winds, which was really unlucky. Therefore, Pei Songzhi said, “Heaven is really doing it, it’s not human.” This is because heaven wants to destroy him, not because he has any mistakes. “But we don’t quite agree with this view. I think there are both objective and subjective reasons for Cao Cao’s failure in this war, and his subjective reasons are also very important.”. With reference to the points raised in Mr. Zhang Zuoyao’s “Commentary on Cao Cao”, as well as other viewpoints from the academic community, I will analyze the reasons for Cao Cao’s failure. Of course, it is also my personal point of view, for reference only.
我们知道曹操发动这场战争，本来是有优势的，有什么优势呢？四个优势：第一，曹操挟天子而令诸侯，诸侯不敢与之争锋，这个叫做政治上有优势。第二点，曹操夺得荆州威震四海，许多人闻风丧胆，曹操有心理上的优势。第三个，曹操夺得荆州势如破竹，军心振奋，以振奋兴盛之师战闻风丧胆之军，有气势上的优势。第四点，曹操人多势众，孙刘联军相对人数较少，曹操有军事上的优势。所以曹操原本有四大优势，他才敢顺江东下来打刘备和孙权。那么为什么失败了呢？我认为根本的原因在于曹操的战略目标不明。就是到现在我们说了半天，连我们都没有弄清楚他到底是来打刘备的呢还是来打孙权的，所以以至于我现在怀疑恐怕他自个儿都不清楚，他当然主要是想打刘备，也起了一种心思顺便打孙权一下，胃口太大了，贪得无厌。
We know that Cao Cao had an advantage in starting this war. What advantage did he have? Four advantages: First, Cao Cao coerced the emperor and ordered the princes, who dared not compete with him. This is called political advantage. The second point is that Cao Cao has won Jingzhou’s world-shaking power, and many people are terrified at the news. Cao Cao has a psychological advantage. Third, Cao Cao’s capture of Jingzhou was overwhelming, and his army’s morale was uplifted. He had the advantage of momentum in order to inspire a thriving division and fight a frightened army. Fourth, Cao Cao has a large number of people and a relatively small number of Sun Liu allied forces. Cao Cao has military advantages. Therefore, Cao Cao originally had four major advantages, so he dared to follow Jiangdong to attack Liu Bei and Sun Quan. So why did it fail? I think the fundamental reason is that Cao Cao’s strategic goals are unclear. Even though we have been talking for a long time now, we haven’t even figured out whether he came to fight Liu Bei or Sun Quan, so I suspect now that he doesn’t know himself. Of course, he mainly wants to fight Liu Bei, and he also has a mind to hit Sun Quan by the way. His appetite is too great and he is insatiable.
