画外音：陆逊作为江东四英将之一曾因火烧刘备七百里连营而声名远洋，孙权认为陆逊有超世之功、文武之才，对陆逊是推崇备至，所以陆逊才得以出将入相，然而在陆逊在人生最辉煌的时候却突然被孙权逼死，孙权为什么要逼死他一手栽培起来的陆逊呢？敬请关注易中天品三国之《逆流而上》。
在陈寿的《三国志》中除了三国各主之外，将相大臣们一般都是几个人物合为一卷，只有诸葛亮和陆逊每人独占一卷，可见陆逊在三国史上占有何等重要的地位。陆逊作为孙吴政权“江东化”的代表人物是江东众多优秀人物中出将入相的唯一一人，然而就在他人生旅程达到顶点的时候却被孙权逼死，历史上关于陆逊之死是众说纷纭，有人认为他是因为卷入了太子与鲁之争而死，而易中天先生认为陆逊之死有着更深层的原因，而且正是这个原因才导致了三国鼎立的局面，那么这个原因究竟是什么呢？陆逊之死的背后与曹操、刘备、孙权的建国之路究竟有着怎样的关系呢？夏门大学易中天教授坐客百家讲坛为您精彩讲述品三国之《逆流而上》。
上一集我们讲了陆逊之死，陆逊之死是个谜，孙权为什么要逼死他呢？一般认为陆逊是卷入了太子孙和和鲁王孙霸争夺储位的这样一个党争，而陆逊是拥护太子的，不断地上书给孙权讲保太子的道理，惹翻了孙权，但是这个说法可以讨论，为什么可以讨论呢？就是因为陆逊死了以后卷入太子鲁王党争的其他人很多人升了官，这张表里面列出来的就是太子党和鲁王党的人，我们看到有的人受了处分，有的人罢了官，有的人被处死或者逼死，有的人升了官，有的人没事儿。但是我们如果把这些人的履历看一下我们马上就会看出问题来，被逼死的陆逊吴郡吴县人，被流放罢官的顾谭，吴郡吴县人，被处死的吾粲，吴郡吴程人，也就是说有事儿的都是江东人。没事儿的是谁呢？诸葛恪升官，他是什么人？他是流亡北士，诸葛瑾的儿子，升官的还有步鸷，临淮淮阴人，流亡北士，吕岱，广陵海陵人，流亡北士。没事的是仪，北海营陵人，流亡北士，没事的滕胤，北海剧县人，流亡北士的后代，而且后来和诸葛恪一起还做了孙权的顾命大臣。
Voice over: As one of the Four Great Generals in Jiangdong, Lu Xun became famous for burning Liu Bei’s seven hundred mile camp. Sun Quan believed that Lu Xun had extraordinary achievements, literary and martial talents, and respected Lu Xun to the utmost. Therefore, Lu Xun was able to rise to the throne. However, at the most glorious time of his life, Lu Xun was suddenly forced to death by Sun Quan. Why did Sun Quan force the death of Lu Xun who he had cultivated? Please pay attention to Yi Zhongtian’s “Upstream” of the Three Kingdoms.
In Chen Shou’s “Annals of the Three Kingdoms”, in addition to the leaders of the Three Kingdoms, the general ministers are usually composed of several characters in a single volume, with only Zhuge Liang and Lu Xun each occupying a single volume. This shows how important Lu Xun occupies in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Lu Xun, as a representative figure of the “Jiangdongization” of the Sun Wu regime, is the only outstanding person in Jiangdong who emerged as a general and became a politician. However, at the peak of his life journey, he was forced to die by Sun Quan. Historically, there are various opinions about Lu Xun’s death. Some people believe that he died because he was involved in the struggle between the Crown Prince and Lu, while Mr. Yi Zhongtian believes that there is a deeper reason for Lu Xun’s death, And it is precisely this reason that led to the situation of the Three Kingdoms, so what is the reason? What is the relationship between the death of Lu Xun and Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan’s path to the founding of the country? Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University is sitting at a hundred forums to give you a wonderful story about “Upward the Current” of the Three Kingdoms.
In the previous episode, we talked about the death of Lu Xun. The death of Lu Xun is a mystery. Why did Sun Quan force him to die? It is generally believed that Lu Xun was involved in such a party struggle between the Crown Prince and Sun Ba, the king of Lu, for the throne. Lu Xun supported the Crown Prince and constantly wrote to Sun Quan about the principles of protecting the Crown Prince, provoking Sun Quan. However, this argument can be discussed, why can it be discussed? “It is because after Lu Xun’s death, many other people who were involved in the party struggle between the Prince Lu and the King Lu were promoted to official positions. The people listed in this table are the members of the Prince Lu Party and the King Lu Party. We have seen that some people have been punished, some have ceased to serve as officials, some have been executed or forced to death, some have been promoted to official positions, and some are all right.”. But if we take a look at the biographical records of these people, we will immediately see the problem. The people who were forced to die in Lu Xun, Wu County, Gu Tan, exiled and dismissed from office, Wu County, Wu Can, and Wu Cheng, who were executed, are all Jiangdong people. Who’s okay? Zhuge Ke was promoted. Who is he? He is an exiled Beishi, the son of Zhuge Jin, promoted by Bu Ji, a person from Huaiyin, Huaiyin, Lv Dai, Guangling Hailing, and Beishi. It was Yi, a Beihai Yingling person, an exiled Beishi, Teng Yin, a Beihai Drama County person, a descendant of an exiled Beishi, and later, along with Zhuge Ke, he became Sun Quan’s minister of command.
那就很清楚，孙权在这儿是以什么划线，不是以拥护太子，还是拥护鲁王来划线，他要整的全部是江东人，但是这里面还有一个奇怪的现象，就是朱据，朱据也是吴郡吴县人，而且朱据和陆逊都是吴郡四大家族之一，吴郡四大家族：顾、陆、张、朱，朱据这儿会也没事，朱据当然后来也挨整了，但是那是后来的事情，因此我们又得出一个结论来，这次孙权就是要整陆逊，而陆逊挨整是在什么时候呢？是在他当了丞相一年以后，而陆逊我们知道一直是东吴的上游统帅，在长江上游的统帅，驻守武昌，就是现在湖北省的鄂州，前线总指挥，孙权的前线总指挥是四任：第一任周瑜，第二任鲁肃、第三任吕蒙，第四任陆逊，所以东吴四大英将，陆逊这个地位是很高的，很重要的。然后又当了丞相，不折不扣叫做出将入相，一人而身兼文武二职，军权和政权都掌握过了，何等重要的人物为什么要整他？那么也只能猜测，那么我猜陆逊挨整是这样几个原因：第一他是士族，第二他是江东士族，第三他是江东士族当中最大的士族，四大家族之一陆家的人，那么第四他还是江东士族当中在孙权政权里官做得最大的，权力最大的。
孙权不能够把这么大的权力交给了江东士族，功高盖主这是肯定的，影响太大也是肯定的，因为当时太子也好，其他的人也好都和陆逊的关系非常好，甚至还有学者比方说马植杰先生猜测，说孙权怕接班人驾驭不了陆逊，太厉害了，他儿子将来继承了帝位管不了这重臣怎么办，等等原因。但是我觉得很重要的原因就是孙权物江东士族之间的这种关系、这种纠葛，因为我们看到江东士族，我讲了，有江东四大家族：虞、魏、顾、陆。虞代表人物虞翻，这个是差点被孙权杀掉的。魏的代表人物魏腾，差点被孙策杀掉。我们讲《江东基业》第一集的时候讲辽孙策要杀魏腾，后来孙策的母亲吴夫人就站在水井跟前说，你要杀魏腾我就跳下去算了，因为你要杀了魏腾以后大家肯定要反对你，为什么？就因为魏腾他就是四大家族之一，这个江东士族的势力太大了，孙策没敢杀。那么顾呢，顾雍，顾雍是善终的，但是顾雍的孙子，我刚才讲顾谭卷入陆逊一案被罢官被流放，而且顾谭的弟弟也受到牵连，他的姐妹也受到牵连，这里面确实是有孙权和江东士族的矛盾。
It is very clear what line Sun Quan uses here, not to support the Crown Prince, or to support the King of Lu. All of the people he wants to rectify are Jiangdong people, but there is also a strange phenomenon in this: Zhu Zhu Zhu, who is also a native of Wu County, Wu County, and Zhu Zhu Zhu and Lu Xun are both one of the four major families in Wu County. The four major families in Wu County are Gu, Lu, Zhang, and Zhu. Zhu Zhu will and will be fine here, and of course, Zhu Zhu Zhu has also been rectified since then, But that was a later event, so we came to the conclusion that this time Sun Quan was going to punish Lu Xun, and when did Lu Xun suffer? It was a year after he became Prime Minister, and Lu Xun was known to have been the commander in chief of the upper reaches of the Eastern Wu Dynasty, the commander in chief of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, stationed in Wuchang, which is now Ezhou in Hubei Province. Sun Quan’s commander in chief of the front line was appointed to four positions: the first Zhou Yu, the second Lu Su, the third Lu Meng, and the fourth Lu Xun. Therefore, the position of Lu Xun, the four great generals of the Eastern Wu Dynasty, is very high and important. Then he became a prime minister. He was called a general and a prime minister. He held both civil and military positions, and he had mastered both military power and political power. Why should such an important person punish him? I can only guess, then, that there are several reasons why Lu Xun was ordered: first, he is a noble family, second, he is a Jiangdong noble family, third, he is the largest noble family among Jiangdong noble families, and a member of the Lu family, one of the four major families. Then, fourth, he is also the one of Jiangdong noble families who has the greatest official status and power in the Sun Quan regime.
Sun Quan’s inability to hand over such great power to the gentry of Jiangdong is certain. It is also certain that Sun Quan has achieved great achievements and achieved great influence. At that time, both the Crown Prince and other people had very good relations with Lu Xun. Some scholars, such as Mr. Ma Zhijie, speculated that Sun Quan was afraid that his successor would not be able to control Lu Xun, which was too powerful. His son would inherit the throne in the future and not be able to manage this important minister, and so on. But I think the important reason is the relationship and tangle between Sun Quan and the Jiangdong gentry, because when we saw the Jiangdong gentry, I mentioned that there are four major families in Jiangdong: Yu, Wei, Gu, and Lu. Yu Fan, the representative character of Yu, was almost killed by Sun Quan. Wei Teng, the representative of Wei, was almost killed by Sun Ce. When we talked about the first episode of “Jiangdong Ji Ye”, we talked about Liao Sun Ce’s intention to kill Wei Teng. Later, Sun Ce’s mother, Mrs. Wu, stood in front of the well and said, “If you want to kill Wei Teng, I’ll just jump in. Because if you want to kill Wei Teng, everyone will definitely oppose you. Why?”? Just because Wei Teng was one of the four major families, the Jiangdong aristocratic clan was too powerful for Sun Ce to kill. So, Gu Yong, Gu Yong ended well, but Gu Yong’s grandson, I just mentioned that Gu Tan was involved in the Lu Xun case and was dismissed from office and exiled. Moreover, Gu Tan’s younger brother was also implicated, and his sisters were also implicated. There is indeed a conflict between Sun Quan and the Jiangdong gentry.
画外音：通过易中天先生的分析，可以看出陆逊并不只是因为卷入到太子孙和与鲁王孙霸争夺储位而被逼死，更重要的是因为他是江东士族的代表人物，孙权虽然利用江东士族在江东坐稳了江山，但是对江东集团一直是不信任的，所以总想有机会收拾江东人，孙权终于借这次夺储之争收拾了一批以陆逊为首的江东人，而在此之前孙权就曾收拾过江东士族，那么孙权骨子里为什么要与江东人过不去呢？
刚才我说到了虞翻，虞翻就是差一点被孙权杀掉的，怎么回事呢，就是有一次孙权请大家喝酒，孙权这个人很喜欢喝酒，我们前面也讲过一喝就醉，一醉方休，到了喝得差不多的时候，孙权就起来给大家斟酒，一个一个倒过来，到了虞翻，快到虞翻跟前的时候，虞翻就装作喝醉了往地上一倒，等到孙权一看他醉了，算了别倒了，就到别人那去斟酒，孙权一走过去他一爬起来坐起来，坐好了，孙权勃然大怒，你这太不给我面子，你这是存心的嘛，拔出剑来就要杀虞翻，是被大司农刘基上前一把抱住说主公啊主公，虞翻杀不得，虞翻是天下名士啊，请你想想杀一个名士是什么样恶劣的影响，这时候孙权说了一句非常重要的话，他说（画面字：曹孟德尚杀孔文举，孤于虞翻何有哉）：“曹孟德能够杀孔融，孤为什么就不能杀虞翻？”虞翻有什么杀不得，刘基就抱住孙权说，是是是是啊，曹孟德是杀了孔融，但是大家不是都在骂他吗？那不是一片骂声吗？
殿下要学就学尧舜吧，不要学曹操，曹操怎么可以学习呢，孙权这酒才醒过来，嗯，对，曹操学不得，好了，不杀虞翻了，下道命令以后大家记住了我喝醉酒说杀谁不算数啊，不要执行，但是虞翻最后还是被打发到交州去了，交州就是现在的广东、广西再加上越南的一部分，为什么呢？虞翻口出狂言，有一次孙权和张昭两个人讨论神仙的问题，这本来也是个伪命题，说得正带劲的时候，虞翻插嘴把手指着张昭对孙权说那都是死人，他们都变成死人了还谈什么神仙，天底下哪有什么神仙，孙权勃然大怒，就把他打发到交州去了，我们看孙权啊是把虞翻当做吴国的孔融来看待，而且非常有意思的是还有一个人也说了类似的话，这个人是谁呢，诸葛亮，诸葛亮在蜀国也象曹操和孙权一样对待过几个士族和名士，比方说廖立被诸葛亮废了，来敏被诸葛亮废了就是废为平民，而且诸葛亮在废来敏的时候说了一句什么话呢？他说：“来敏乱群，过于孔文举”。孙文举就是孔融，就是来敏这个破坏捣乱散布流言蜚语，制造反动言论，破坏安定团结，比孔融还严重，这意思很清楚，孔融破坏大局被曹操杀了，你来敏的罪过比孔融还严重，我不杀你是宽大为怀。那么也就是说虞翻是吴的孔融，来敏是蜀国的孔融，不管是蜀国的孔融还是吴国的孔融还是魏国的孔融，都不会被这三个国家的统治者所容，也就是说魏、蜀、吴三国的主要领导人都和这些名士都和这些士族是有矛盾的，而且正是这些矛盾才使得我们的三国的历史呈现出我们现在看到的这个样子。
Voice over: Through Mr. Yi Zhongtian’s analysis, it can be seen that Lu Xun was not only forced to death because he was involved in the prince’s grandson and competing for the throne with Sun Ba, the king of Lu. More importantly, he was a representative of the Jiangdong gentry. Although Sun Quan used the Jiangdong gentry to stabilize the Jiangdong region, he always distrusted the Jiangdong Group, so he always wanted to have the opportunity to clean up the Jiangdong people, Sun Quan finally picked up a group of Jiangdong people led by Lu Xun through the dispute for the crown prince, and before that, Sun Quan had already picked up the Jiangdong gentry. So why should Sun Quan have a hard time with the Jiangdong people in his bones?
As I mentioned earlier, Yu Fan was almost killed by Sun Quan. What happened? One time, Sun Quan invited everyone to drink, and Sun Quan was a person who enjoyed drinking. As we mentioned earlier, once drunk, he got drunk, and once drunk, he stopped. When he was almost drunk, Sun Quan stood up and poured wine for everyone. When he reached Yu Fan, he pretended to be drunk and poured it onto the ground, When Sun Quan saw that he was drunk, he decided not to pour it, so he went to someone else’s place to pour the wine. As soon as Sun Quan walked over, he climbed up and sat down. When Sun Quan sat down, he flew into a rage. You didn’t give me face. You were intentional. When you pulled out your sword, you were about to kill Yu Fan. You were held up by Liu Ji, the Great Simon, and said, “Lord, Lord, Yu Fan cannot kill. Yu Fan is a famous person in the world. Please think about the bad impact of killing a famous person.”, At this moment, Sun Quan said a very important sentence, and he said (screen words: Cao Mengde still killed Kong Wenju, why is it that alone Yu Fan?): “Cao Mengde can kill Kong Rong, why can’t alone kill Yu Fan?” What can’t Yu Fan do? Liu Ji hugged Sun Quan and said, Yes, yes, yes, Cao Mengde killed Kong Rong, but aren’t everyone cursing him? Isn’t that a lot of abuse?
Your Highness, if you want to learn, learn from Yao and Shun. Don’t learn from Cao Cao. How can Cao Cao learn? Sun Quan woke up with this wine. Hmm, yes, Cao Cao couldn’t learn. Alright, don’t kill Yu Fan. After the order was issued, everyone remembered that I was drunk and said that killing anyone doesn’t count. Don’t implement it, but Yu Fan was finally sent to Jiaozhou, which is now part of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Vietnam. Why? Yu Fanhua spoke wildly. Once, Sun Quan and Zhang Zhao were discussing the issue of immortals. This was originally a false proposition. When they were speaking enthusiastically, Yu Fan interrupted and pointed at Zhang Zhao and said to Sun Quan that they were all dead people. They all became dead people and talked about immortals. What immortals are there in the world? Sun Quan flew into a rage and sent him to Jiaozhou. We see that Sun Quan regarded Yu Fan as Kong Rong of the State of Wu, Moreover, it is very interesting that another person also said similar words. Who is this person, Zhuge Liang? Zhuge Liang treated several noble families and famous scholars in the Kingdom of Shu like Cao Cao and Sun Quan. For example, Liao Li was abolished by Zhuge Liang, and Lai Min was abolished by Zhuge Liang, which means he was abolished as a civilian. What did Zhuge Liang say when he abolished Lai Min? He said, “To be quick and disorderly is too much for Kong Wenju.”. Sun Wenju is Kong Rong, and Lai Min is more serious than Kong Rong in terms of sabotage, troublemaking, spreading rumors, making reactionary remarks, and undermining stability and unity. The meaning is clear. Kong Rong’s overall destruction was killed by Cao Cao, and your crime of Lai Min is even more serious than Kong Rong’s. It is lenient for me not to kill you. In other words, Yu Fan is Kong Rong of Wu, and Lai Min is Kong Rong of Shu. Neither Kong Rong of Shu nor Kong Rong of Wu nor Kong Rong of Wei will be tolerated by the rulers of these three countries. That is to say, the main leaders of Wei, Shu, and Wu have conflicts with these famous scholars, and it is these contradictions that make the history of our three countries take on the appearance we see now.
