画外音：通过易中天先生的分析可以看出，孙权与江东士族的矛盾是有着深层的社会背景的，可以说前有车，后有辙。曹操、诸葛亮与士族和名士也都是有着不可调和的矛盾，易中天先生认为正是这种矛盾才造成了三国现在的样子。那么为什么三国时期这些实力派要与这些名士们过不去呢？当时的士族究竟是怎么回事呢？
为了讲清楚这个道理，我们必须给大家讲讲什么是士族，士族就是世代为官之家族。就是一个家族里面世世代代都有人做官这个就叫做士族，那么大家可能要问一个家族怎么世世代代就做官呢？难道做官就是他们家的事儿？是的，在东汉末年，做官确确实实就是某些家族的专门的事儿。为什么呢？因为那个时候做官不容易，他有三个条件：第一必须是士人，第二必须通晓经学，第三必须被举为孝廉。孝廉就是孝子廉士，就是道德品质优秀，就是德的要求，通晓经学不是经典啊，经学就是熟悉儒家的学说，这是才的要求，必须是士人是身份的要求，士人又是什么呢？士人就是士，士在春秋战国时代是最低一级的贵族。春秋战国时代贵族四个等级：天子、诸侯、大夫、士。那么到了秦汉呢？士是平民的最高一个等级，平民也有四个等级：士、农、工、商。士就是士民，农就是农民，工就是工民、商就是商民。商民经商，工民做工，农民务农，士民读书。士就是以读书为职业的人，用现在的话来说就是脑力劳动者，用当时的话说就是劳心者，劳心者治人，劳力者治于人。所以士劳工商士的地位是最高的，一个人必须又是士就是你不做工、不务农、不经商你必须这样，你还要书读得好，你还要道德表现好，你才有做官的资格，这样的人就太少了。
Voice over: Through Mr. Yi Zhongtian’s analysis, it can be seen that the contradiction between Sun Quan and the Jiangdong aristocrats has a deep social background. It can be said that there are cars in front and ruts behind. Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang also had irreconcilable contradictions with aristocrats and celebrities, and Mr. Yi Zhongtian believed that it was this contradiction that led to the current appearance of the Three Kingdoms. So why did these powerful factions struggle with these celebrities during the Three Kingdoms period? What happened to the gentry at that time?
In order to clarify this truth, we must explain to everyone what a noble clan is, a noble clan is a family that has been an official for generations. It’s just that there are people in a family who have been officials for generations. This is called a noble family. So, you may want to ask how a family can be officials for generations? Is being an official their family’s business? Yes, in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, being an official was indeed a specialized task for certain families. Why? Because it was not easy to be an official at that time, he had three conditions: first, he must be a scholar, second, he must be proficient in Confucian classics, and third, he must be promoted as a filial and honest person. Filial piety and honesty are filial piety and integrity, which means excellent moral quality, which is the requirement of morality. A good knowledge of Confucian classics is not a classic, but a good knowledge of Confucian theories. This is a requirement of talent, and it must be a requirement of status for scholars. What is a scholar? Scholars are scholars, who were the lowest ranking nobles in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were four levels of nobility: the Son of Heaven, the Marquis, the Doctor, and the Scholar. So what about the Qin and Han dynasties? Civilians are the highest level of civilians, and there are also four levels of civilians: civilian, agricultural, industrial, and commercial. Scholars are scholars, farmers are farmers, workers are workers, and merchants are businessmen. Businessmen engage in business, workers work, farmers work in agriculture, and scholars study. Scholars are people who take reading as their profession. In current words, they are mental workers. In those words, they are those who work hard, those who work hard govern others, and those who work hard govern others. Therefore, the status of a scholar, laborer, and businessman is the highest. A person who must be a scholar is one who does not work, do not engage in agriculture, or engage in business. You must do this. You must also read well, and you must perform well in ethics. Only then can you have the qualifications to become an official, and there are too few such people.
而且一个家族一旦出了这么一个人，通过读书而做了官，那这个人肯定培养自己的儿子也读书，也让他做官，对不对，这样一来二去读书做官就会变成这个家族的职业，这样的家族就叫做士族。这个阶层的特殊性在什么地方呢？三个方面：第一垄断仕途，因为他们诗书传家，他垄断知识，通过垄断知识去垄断仕途，那个时候办私学，那个时候也不是谁都可以读书的，谁都读得起书的，谁都读得懂书的，谁都读得好书的，只有这样诗书传家的人他才读得了，于是他就代代做官，这就垄断一块做官的名额吧。第二这个做官的人他有推荐权，他推荐谁呢？第一个推荐自己的子弟吧，还推荐谁呢？推荐那些出身比较差的，但是书读得好的人，这些出身差的地位低的家庭条件不好的读书人，他做官也不容易啊，就由这个大的士族来推荐他，这么一推荐这些人和这些大士族之间就形成了一种非血缘的家族关系，在政治上是君臣关系，在情感是父子关系，那么这些人将来又做了官以后，他又有推荐权他推荐谁呢？他至少要拿一部分名额出来报恩吧，这个大的士族象滚雪球一样滚起来的，越滚越大。另外还有一条什么呢？
互相推荐，然后我家是大士族，你家也是大士族，我可以推荐官吏，你也可以推荐官吏，那咱两换换，我推荐你的人，你推荐我的人。第二个特点呢控制舆论，为什么要控制舆论呢？因为士族本来就是因为会读书才做官的，他本来就有文化、有学问，有文化有学问就有话语权，在当时的情况下普通老百姓哪有话语权啊，他也不能上网去发贴子，有话语权的就是这些有知识有文化的人，他就控制了而且他本来就有知识、有文化他就成了文化界、学术界、理论界和思想界的领袖人物，他一成了领袖人物他周围就会团结一大批太学生和名士，太学生是什么？太学生就是国家士部学院的学生，用现在的话来说就是第三梯队，后备干部。名士是什么呢？名士就是社会上有名的有话语权的、有很多粉丝的、拥趸的这样一些人，有名的士人。第三个特点成为豪强，因为他有权啊，有势啊，他的家族就在地方上发达起来了，就成了一方豪强，这样的豪强就叫做世家大族，也叫做衣冠望族，也叫做名门望族，还叫做势族，势力的势，还叫做世族，世界的世，这些都是指这种家族，而那些没有权势的、没有名望的、没有地位的家族就叫做庶族，也叫做寒族，也叫做寒门。士族垄断仕途、控制舆论、成为豪强，它就成为社会上一般非常强大的政治力量，到了东汉末年它就成了支撑帝国大厦三根支柱之一，那三根支柱呢？外戚、宦官、士族。
Moreover, once a family has such a person who has become an official through reading, that person must cultivate his own son to also study and let him become an official, right? Doing so once or twice will become the profession of the family. Such a family is called a noble family. What is the particularity of this class? Three aspects: Firstly, they monopolized official career, because they inherited poetry and books. They monopolized knowledge and monopolized official career through monopolizing knowledge. At that time, when private schools were run, not everyone could read, everyone could afford to read, everyone could understand, and everyone could read well. Only in this way can those who inherited poetry and books be able to read, so he became an official on behalf of others, which would monopolize the quota of official career. Secondly, he has the right to recommend an official. Who does he recommend? Be the first to recommend your own children, and who else? Recommending those who are from poor backgrounds but have good academic skills, those who are from poor backgrounds and have low status and poor family conditions, is not easy for them to become officials. This large noble family recommends them. Such a recommendation creates a non blood related family relationship between these people and these noble families. In politics, it is a relationship between monarchs and ministers, and in emotions, it is a relationship between father and son. After these people become officials in the future, He has the right to recommend. Who does he recommend? “He must at least take a portion of the quota to repay the favor. This big noble family is rolling like a snowball, and it gets bigger and bigger.”. What else is there?
Recommend to each other, and then my family is a Tuas family, and your family is also a Tuas family. I can recommend officials, and you can also recommend officials. Let’s exchange. I recommend your people, and you recommend my people. The second characteristic is controlling public opinion. Why should we control public opinion? “Because the literati originally became officials because they knew how to read, they were already literate and knowledgeable, and when they were literate and knowledgeable, they had the right to speak. Under the circumstances at that time, ordinary people did not have the right to speak, and they could not go online to post. Those who had the right to speak were those who had knowledge and culture, and they controlled them. They had knowledge and culture, and they became leaders in the cultural, academic, theoretical, and ideological fields.”, As soon as he becomes a leader, there will be a large number of students and celebrities around him. What are students? “Tai students are students from the National Academy of Scholars, and in current terms, they are the third echelon and reserve cadres.”. What is a famous person? Famous scholars are those who are famous in society, have a voice, have many fans, and support them. They are famous scholars. The third characteristic is the strong and powerful. Because he has power and power, his family has developed locally, becoming a powerful and powerful party. Such strong and powerful families are called aristocratic families, also known as the noble and prestigious families, also known as the powerful families, the powerful families, also known as the aristocratic families, and the world’s world. These refer to such families, while those without power, fame, or status are called the common families, Also known as the Han ethnic group, also known as the Han Clan. The aristocratic clan monopolized official careers, controlled public opinion, and became a powerful political force in society. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it had become one of the three pillars supporting the Empire State Building. What about the three pillars? Foreign relatives, eunuchs, and gentry.
画外音：士族垄断了仕途这就占领了上层建筑，控制了舆论就掌握了意识形态，士族有权有势最终成为豪强，又把握了帝国的经济基础，到了东汉末年帝国的经济基础、上层建筑、意识形态全部都掌握在士族手上了，这些士族就应该顺理成章地成为这个帝国的统治阶级，可是这些士族不得不面临着新兴势力的挑战，那么这些新兴势力是依靠什么崛起的呢？
事实上，三国以后的魏晋南北朝就是士族地主阶级的时代，但是什么士族地主阶级并没有在东汉以后马上成为帝国的统治阶级呢？因为门阀遇到了军阀。门阀就是士族，士族也叫门阀士族阶级，保护士族阶级的制度既叫士族制度又叫门阀制度，这就是魏晋南北朝的制度。那什么叫门阀呢？门阀就是门第、门望、阀阅。门第就是家族的社会地位的贵贱高低。因为那个时候人是分三六九等的，一等人，二等人，三等人，四等人，他有高低，这个高低叫做门第，第就是次序。门望是什么呢？名誉声望。阀阅是什么呢？功绩经历，就是一个家庭它有过什么功劳，它有过什么经历，这个东西是在当时的仕宦人家家门口是要贴出去的，贴到门口，表彰自己功劳的叫做阀，表扬自己经历的叫做阅，我们知道阅和历是能够合起来，阅历嘛，一个阀一个阅，左边是阀，右边是阅，合起来叫阀阅，这个阀阅再和门第、门望合起来就叫门阀，所以后来就用门阀这个词来指士族，所以门阀就是有着特殊的社会地位、社会声望的、世代为官的这样的大家族。
那么军阀呢？军阀就是拥有独立武装力量的地方豪强，那么这样一说大家就清楚了，门阀、军阀都是阀，但是此阀非彼阀，门阀为阀靠的是声望地位，或者说得再通俗一点靠的是印把子，有官印嘛手上，军阀为阀靠的是什么？靠的得武装力量，说得再通俗一点有枪杆子，那么如果天下太平，中央政府对于地方有控制能力令行禁止，大家都服从这个时候什么管用呢？印把子管用，我发一个红头文件“啪”盖个公章下去就搞掂了，如果天下大乱，中央政府控制不了地方，甚至皇帝由天子变成了流子到处流浪，这个时候管用的是什么呢？
Voice over: The gentry monopolized the official career, occupying the superstructure, controlling public opinion, and mastering ideology. The gentry had the power and power to ultimately become a powerful and powerful nation, and also grasped the economic foundation of the empire. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the economic foundation, superstructure, and ideology of the empire were all in the hands of the gentry, and these gentry should naturally become the ruling class of the empire, However, these gentry had to face the challenge of emerging forces, so what did these emerging forces rely on to rise?
In fact, the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties after the Three Kingdoms were the era of the aristocratic landlord class, but what aristocratic landlord class did not immediately become the ruling class of the empire after the Eastern Han Dynasty? Because the doorman encountered a warlord. The system of protecting the aristocratic class is called both the aristocratic system and the patriarchal system, which is the system of the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties. What is a gate valve? A doorman is a doorman, a doorman, and a doorman. Family status refers to the social status of a family. “At that time, people were divided into three or six or nine classes, first, second, third, and fourth. They had different levels, which were called ranks, and the first was order.”. What is the gate watch? Reputation. What is threshold reading? Meritorious experience refers to what contributions a family has made and what experiences it has had. This item was posted outside the door of the official family at that time. The person who praised his or her contributions is called “valve”, and the person who praised his or her experiences is called “reading”. We know that reading and calendar can be combined. As for experience, one valve is a reading, the left valve is a reading, and the right side is a reading. Together, it is called “threshold reading”. This threshold reading is related to the family background “The combination of clans is called a clansman, so the term clansman was later used to refer to the gentry. Therefore, a clansman is a large family with special social status, social prestige, and generations of official status.”.
What about warlords? “A warlord is a local power with independent armed forces. It is clear from this statement that both a warlord and a warlord are warlords, but this one is not the other. The warlords rely on prestige and status, or, to put it more colloquially, on seals. What does a warlord rely on when he has an official seal?”? If we rely on armed forces and, to put it more colloquially, have guns, then if the world is at peace and the central government has the ability to control local governments and impose prohibitions, what is the use of obeying everyone at this time? “The stamp works. I’ll send a red headed document and stamp it with an official seal. If there’s chaos in the world, the central government can’t control the place, or even the emperor turns from the emperor into a rogue and roams around, what will work at this time?”?
