但是曹彰他有一个什么问题呢？有勇无谋，不爱读书。这个人是不读书的，为此曹操教导过他，说我们曹家的子弟都是要读书的，你现在身为将帅，一点书都不读怎么行呢？然后开一个书单，说你读什么读什么读什么。曹彰说，诺。出来以后跟他的哥们儿说，哎呀，父亲都说什么啊？男子汉大丈夫，就应该像卫青、霍去病那样，厮杀在疆场，建功立业，怎么能够在家里边弄几本破书读读读，读个博士！讲清楚，这个时候的博士不是我们今天的这个博士，汉代的博士是官职，现在的博士是学位，但是汉代的博士确实是要有学问的人才能做这个官。
But what problem does Cao Zhang have? Have courage and no plans, do not love reading. This person doesn’t read books, so Cao Cao taught him that our Cao family’s children want to read books. As a general now, how can you do without reading any books? Then make a list of books and say what you read. Cao Zhang said, “Nuo.”. After coming out, say to his buddies, “Oh, what did my father say?”? A man should be like Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, fighting on the battlefield and making contributions. How can he get some broken books at home to read and become a doctor! To be clear, the doctors at this time were not the doctors we have today. The doctors in the Han Dynasty were official positions, while the doctors in the present era are degrees. However, the doctors in the Han Dynasty really require knowledgeable people to be able to serve as officials.
还有一次曹操问他的几个儿子，说你们都有些什么志向？曹彰说：“好为将”，说我这个人就想当一个将军。曹操说，那你当一个将军又怎么样呢？曹彰说，当将军怎么样，披坚执锐，临危不惧，身先士卒，赏罚分明。曹操说，好好好，那你就当将军吧。《三国志·曹彰传》的记载是：“太祖大笑”，笑了。而在我看来，立曹彰为储的念头也就一笑了之了。
＊据史书记载，曹彰性格刚猛，善于作战，曾为曹操扫平四方，立下过汉马功劳。但是由于曹彰只是想当一个将军，而最先被筛选了出去。因为曹操选择接班人第一个标准，就是寻找一个善于搞政治的人。那么曹操在曹植和曹丕之间又是如何选择的呢？
Another time Cao Cao asked his sons, ‘What are your ambitions?’? Cao Zhang said, “Good is a general.” He said that I just want to be a general. Cao Cao said, “So what about becoming a general?”? Cao Zhang said, “How about being a general? Be resolute and resolute, fearless in the face of danger, take the lead, and have clear rewards and punishments.”. Cao Cao said, “Good, good, then you can be a general.”. “The Records of the Three Kingdoms – Biography of Cao Zhang” records that “Taizu laughed” and laughed. In my opinion, the idea of establishing Cao Zhang as the reserve has been laughed off.
According to historical records, Cao Zhang had a strong personality and was good at fighting. He once swept the land for Cao Cao and made contributions to Han Ma. But because Cao Zhang only wanted to be a general, he was first selected. Because Cao Cao’s first criterion for choosing a successor is to find someone who is good at politics. So how did Cao Cao choose between Cao Zhi and Cao Pi?
＊通过刚才易中天先生的分析可以看出，曹操很清楚他要选的接班人是一个政治家，而不是一个军事家，而曹彰作为一个将才，征四方是没有问题的，但是要治国的话，曹操就很不放心了，于是曹操的太子人选范围就缩小到曹植和曹丕。在这二者之间，很多人都认为曹操首先选的是曹植。那么，曹操为什么要首选曹植呢？
两个理由，第一个是曹植有才。曹植确实是有才，曹植小时候就很能写文章，很能写辞赋。据说有一天，曹植很小的时候，曹操读到曹植的文章，就问曹植，这个文章写那么漂亮，是不是人家帮你写的？曹植马上跪下来说，发言为诗，下笔成章，文章就是要自己写，为什么要别人写啊？那不相信父亲可以考我嘛，我当场写。确实很有才。曹操也确实很喜欢曹植，这个是没有什么问题的。但我认为，恰恰因为曹操喜欢曹植，反倒证明了曹植不可能被选为太子，此话怎讲？
“From the analysis of Mr. Yi Zhongtian just now, it can be seen that Cao Cao is very clear that the successor he wants to choose is a politician, not a military strategist. As a general, Cao Zhang has no problem recruiting from the four directions, but if he wants to govern the country, Cao Cao is very uneasy, so the range of candidates for the crown prince of Cao Cao is narrowed to Cao Zhi and Cao Pi.”. Between the two, many people believe that Cao Cao chose Cao Zhi first. So why did Cao Cao choose Cao Zhi first?
There are two reasons. The first is that Cao Zhi is talented. Cao Zhi is indeed talented. As a child, Cao Zhi was very able to write articles and poems. It is said that one day when Cao Zhi was very young, Cao Cao read Cao Zhi’s article and asked him, “This article is so beautifully written, was it written for you?”? Cao Zhi immediately knelt down and said, “Speak as a poem and write as a chapter. The article should be written by yourself. Why should someone else write it?”? Don’t you believe my father can test me? I wrote on the spot. It’s really talented. Cao Cao really likes Cao Zhi, and there’s no problem with that. But I believe that precisely because Cao Cao likes Cao Zhi, it proves that Cao Zhi cannot be elected Prince. What do you mean by that?
我们要弄清楚古人立储的原则。因为我们知道，在古代政治制度是君主的世袭制，君主是要世袭的，传给儿子或者是兄弟。那么选谁？有四个选项，叫做：立嫡、立长、立贤、立爱。什么意思呢？就是古代的君王，或者类似于君王君主吧，曹操这样的，他们实行的婚姻制度是一夫一妻多妾制，那么只有妻才是正室，才可以和丈夫相匹配。所以妻生的儿子叫嫡子，妾生的儿子叫庶子，选接班人的时候首先要从妻的儿子当中去选，这叫做“立嫡”。那么如果有好多嫡子，都是正妻生的，选谁呢？选年纪最大的，这叫做“立长”。甚至没有嫡子，都是庶子，你也要立长。这叫做立子以嫡，或者立子以长，不以贤，就是不是看谁才能最好。那么如果这两条原则你不能遵守，退一步，“立贤”也是可以接受的，因为你选了一个最能干的，还是对大家有好处的，这个社会舆论或者是其他的人都还能够接受。最不能接受的是“立爱”，就是你喜欢哪个儿子就立哪个儿子，这是最不能接受的。想当年汉高祖刘邦本想立的太子是戚夫人所生的儿子赵王如意，满朝反对，最后还是立了吕后生的刘盈嘛，就是刘邦那么牛的人，他也拗不过这个东西。所以你立曹植有立爱的嫌疑。当然有人说了，曹操这个人，他也不按常理出牌，是吧，也讲不清楚。对，没错，但是曹操也还没有到讲不清楚到硬要和这条原则对着干的地步，这是第一点。
We need to clarify the principles of establishing a crown prince by the ancients. Because we know that in ancient times, the political system was the hereditary system of the monarch, which was hereditary and passed on to a son or brother. So who should I choose? There are four options, called Li Di, Li Chang, Li Xian, and Li Ai. What does it mean? “It is an ancient monarch, or something similar to a monarch, like Cao Cao. Their marriage system is monogamous and multiple concubines, so only the wife is the royal family and can match the husband.”. Therefore, a son born to a wife is called a legitimate son, and a son born to a concubine is called a concubine. When selecting a successor, one must first choose from among the sons of the wife, which is called “making a legitimate son.”. So if there are many legitimate sons born to legitimate wives, who will be chosen? Choosing the oldest is called “standing tall.”. “Even if you don’t have a legitimate son, you’re a commoner, and you need to be a leader.”. This is called “establishing a son to be legitimate,” or “establishing a son to be long, not to be virtuous,” which is not to see who is best. “If you cannot abide by these two principles, taking a step back, it is also acceptable to” establish a virtuous person. “Because if you choose the most capable person, it is still beneficial to everyone, and this public opinion or other people can still accept it.”. The most unacceptable thing is “establishing love”, which means that you can establish whichever son you like. This is the most unacceptable thing. In those days, Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, originally wanted to establish a crown prince, Zhao Ruyi, the son of Madam Qi. However, the Manchu Dynasty objected, and finally established Liu Ying, the son of Lv Housheng. Even Liu Bang, who was as arrogant as Liu Bang, could not resist this thing. So you are suspected of establishing love by establishing Cao Zhi. Of course, someone has said that Cao Cao doesn’t play cards according to common sense, right? He can’t explain clearly. Yes, that’s right, but Cao Cao hasn’t reached the point where he can’t explain clearly enough to insist on opposing this principle. This is the first point.
第二点，有人说曹操立曹植，不是立爱，是立贤，因为曹植有才嘛。但是我们也要分析，曹植是有才，什么才？文才。文章写得好，诗写得好，赋写得好，不等于国家治理得好嘛，是不是，选储君不是选作协主席啊，对不对？如果说他魏国选一个作协主席，我觉得曹植那当之无愧。是，曹植二十三岁的时候，曹操是跟他有一番谈话，说儿子啊，我二十三岁的时候，我就当了顿丘令，我那个时候所作所为到现在都不后悔，现在我留你守邺城，你要好自为之。那么曹植是不是好自为之了，我们不知道，但是看来表现是不错的，因为《三国志·曹植传》后面一句话是：“几为太子者数矣”，就是好几次差一点都被立太子，说明他表现还是不错的。但是应该说没有突出表现，因为如果有突出表现的话，史书上一定有记载，它瞒不住这个事情。而且从逻辑上讲，也不大可能有突出表现，因为曹操在啊，曹操太强了，他那个儿子几乎没有什么机会来突出表现。这是一个问题。
Secondly, some people say that Cao Cao established Cao Zhi not by establishing love, but by establishing virtue, because Cao Zhi has talent. But we also need to analyze, Cao Zhi is talented, what talent? Literary talent. “Well written articles, well written poems, and well written fu do not equal good governance of the country, do they? Choosing the governor is not choosing the chairman of the association, is it?”? If he chooses Wei Guo as the chairman of the association, I think Cao Zhi deserves it. Yes, when Cao Zhi was 23 years old, Cao Cao had a conversation with him and said, “Son, when I was 23 years old, I became a Dunqiu Ling. I didn’t regret what I did at that time until now. Now, I’ll leave you to guard Ye City, and you should behave yourself.”. “We don’t know if Cao Zhi is acting on his own, but it seems that his performance is good, because the last sentence in the” Three Kingdoms Chronicles – Biography of Cao Zhi “is:” How many are the crown prince? “It means that he has been almost made crown prince several times, indicating that his performance is still good.”. “But it should be said that there is no outstanding performance, because if there is any outstanding performance, there must be records in historical records, and it cannot conceal this matter.”. And logically speaking, it is unlikely to have a prominent performance, because Cao Cao is here, and Cao Cao is too strong. His son has little opportunity to highlight his performance. This is a problem.
还有一个问题就是，曹植如果是表现得非常好，他最后为什么变差了，变得不好了？这个地方《三国志》记载用了春秋笔法，语焉不详，含糊其辞，给人的感觉是好像在隐瞒什么东西。它的话说得非常简单，是这样说的，说曹植的表现和曹丕的表现刚好相反，曹植的表现是什么呢？“任性而行，不自雕励”，就是曹植非常任性，不检点自己，不约束自己。曹丕的表现是什么呢？“御之以术，矫情自饰”，就是曹丕他很工于心计，用各种各样的权术来处理人际关系，把自己掩藏起来，不露出自己的真面貌，夹起尾巴做人。结果曹操越来越喜欢曹丕，越来越不喜欢曹植。那么这可能是个原因，而从这里我们也看出这两个人的性格的不同，对吧。
Another question is, if Cao Zhi performed very well, why did he end up getting worse, getting worse? The “Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms” in this place uses spring and autumn writing techniques, which are vague and vague, giving the impression that something is being concealed. Its words are very simple, saying that Cao Zhi’s performance and Cao Pi’s performance are just the opposite. What is Cao Zhi’s performance? “Acting willfully and not encouraging oneself” means that Cao Zhi is very willful and does not discipline himself or restrain himself. What was Cao Pi’s performance? “Empowering oneself with skill and affectation” refers to Cao Pi, who was skilled in scheming and using various tricks to handle interpersonal relationships, hiding himself from the real world without revealing his true face, and being a person with his tail tucked away. As a result, Cao Cao became more and more fond of Cao Pi and less and less fond of Cao Zhi. So this may be a reason, and from here we can see the differences in the personalities of the two people, right.
