毛玠的这一段话，我认为可以称之为曹操版的“隆中对”，他是从一个很高的角度对曹操提出了一种战略性的意见。毛玠说现在国家的局势是什么样的？天下大乱，四分五裂，国本动摇，皇帝被人劫持着走过来走过去，经济崩溃，所有的老百姓都不能安居乐业，灾难流行，又是天灾又是人祸。那么在这样的一个情况下，最重要的就是做这样一件事情：第一要把现任皇帝把他安定下来，国本就保住了，然后自己发展自己的实力。毛玠的这个曹操版的“隆中对”世纪上讲出了这样两个道理，就是在这样一个动乱的时代你要成就一番事业，也就是他所说的霸王之业，必须有两个条件：一是正义，二是实力。而实力当中首先是经济实力，战争确实拼的是武力，但是战争武力比拼的背后是经济实力的支撑，之有足够的经济实力来支持，你这场战才能打得久，才能打得赢，所谓“兵马未动，粮草先行”嘛，所以你必须修耕植、蓄军资。除了经济实力的比拼以外，战争作为政治的延续，还要比拼政治实力，政治实力靠什么呢？靠正义的旗帜，你必须表现自己是师出有名，是堂堂正正的正义之师，至少你必须有一面正义的旗帜。
“I think this passage by Ms. Mao Jie can be called Cao Cao’s version of ‘Long Zhong Pai’. He proposed a strategic opinion on Cao Cao from a very high perspective.”. What does Ms. Mao say is the current situation in the country? The world is in chaos, torn apart, the foundation of the country is shaken, the emperor is abducted and walked around, the economy collapses, and all the people cannot live and work in peace and contentment. Disasters are prevalent, both natural and man-made. In such a situation, the most important thing is to do such a thing: first, to stabilize the current emperor, preserve the foundation of the country, and then develop their own strength. Mao Jie’s Cao Cao version of “Long Zhong Pai” tells two truths in the century. It is in such a turbulent era that if you want to achieve a career, that is, what he calls the cause of hegemony, there must be two conditions: justice and strength. “The first thing in strength is economic strength, and war really involves military force. However, behind the military competition in war is the support of economic strength. If there is sufficient economic strength to support it, you can fight this war for a long time and win it. The so-called” food and grass come first before the troops move, “so you must cultivate and accumulate military funds.”. In addition to competing for economic strength, as a continuation of politics, war also requires competing for political strength. What does political strength rely on? Relying on the banner of justice, you must demonstrate that you are a famous teacher, a righteous teacher, and at least you must have a banner of justice.
所以毛玠的这个建议是一个纲领性的文件，包括三个内容：“奉天子”，就是整治策略；“修耕植”，就是发展农业生产，这是经济策略；“蓄军资”，这是军事策略。这番话说下来以后，曹操非常地高兴，《三国志》用了四个子，叫做“敬纳其言”，马上实行。
Therefore, Ms. Mao’s proposal is a programmatic document that includes three elements: “worshipping the Son of Heaven”, which is a remediation strategy; “Cultivating and planting” means developing agricultural production, which is an economic strategy; “Storing military funds” is a military strategy. After that, Cao Cao was very happy. The “Three Kingdoms Annals” used four sub characters, called “Respecting and Accepting His Words,” and immediately implemented them.
公元196年，曹操开始屯田，当时因为连年的战争，许多土地都已经没有业主了，也没有人耕种。曹操说，好嘛，无主田亩收归国有，统统收给他自己的政府所有。然后把这些田地拿出来一部分交给自己的军队和黄巾军投降的那些士兵去耕种，叫做军屯，还有一部分招募了那些失地的农民，那些流民来耕种叫民屯。耕牛和农具是由政府提供，然后军人和农民向政府交五成到六成的地租，这个就叫做屯田。屯的意思就是居住方式军事化，耕作方式集体化。也就是说，曹操建设了一个古代的生产建设兵团，曹操的军政府就变成了农场主。这是一个非常高明的政策，也是一笔非常合算的买卖：第一，土地是人家丢下来的，耕牛和农具是从黄巾军那里缴获的，曹操没有一点本钱的投入，叫做无本生意；第二点，收五成到六成的地租，这是高利啊，因为汉代初年定下的地租是十五分之一，后来收得最少的时候甚至到了三十分之一，你现在变成了二分之一，暴利，但是对于士兵和农民来说现在有饭吃了，总比原来饿肚子好，所以大家也愿意；第三，屯田制度是居住方式军事化、耕作方式集体化，这就等于建设了一个军民合一的新社会，和一支耕战合一的新军队，这些人平时能干，急时能战，既是兵源，又是粮库，岂不是一举两得，而且还解决了一个让人头疼的流民问题，这岂不是一举多得。
In 196 AD, Cao Cao began to cultivate farmland. At that time, due to years of war, many lands had no owners and no one had cultivated them. Cao Cao said, “Well, the landless farmland will be nationalized and all of it will be owned by his own government.”. Then they took out some of these fields and handed them over to their own army and the soldiers who surrendered to the Yellow Scarf Army to cultivate them, called military villages, and recruited some of the landless farmers, who came to cultivate them, called civilian villages. Farming cattle and farm tools are provided by the government, and then soldiers and farmers pay 50% to 60% of the land rent to the government. This is called reclamation. “Tun” means the militarization of living methods and the collectivization of farming methods. In other words, Cao Cao built an ancient production and construction corps, and Cao Cao’s military government became a farmer. This is a very wise policy and a very cost-effective business. First, land was thrown away by others, and cattle and farm tools were seized from the Yellow Scarf Army. Cao Cao did not have any capital input, which is called a no capital business; The second point is to collect 50% to 60% of the land rent, which is a high profit. Because the land rent set in the early Han Dynasty was 1/15, and later the minimum rent was even 1/30. Now you have become 1/2, profiteering, but for soldiers and farmers, it is better to have food now than to be hungry, so everyone is willing to; Thirdly, the reclamation system is the militarization of the way of living and the collectivization of farming methods, which is equivalent to building a new society with a combination of military and civilian life, and a new army with a combination of farming and warfare. These people are capable in peacetime and can fight in emergencies. They are both a source of troops and a grain depot. Isn’t it not just killing two birds with one stone, but also solving a troublesome refugee problem? Isn’t it more than killing one stone.
曹操的屯田制，证明他不愧为一个深谋远虑的政治家。曹操在颁布他的《屯田令》的时候说了这样一句话，他说：“定国之术，在于强兵足食。”就说怎样才能平定天下呢？第一要强兵，第二要足食，兵不强、(食不足)你何以得天下？而其他的那些诸侯就没有这个战略眼光，后来《魏书》有这么一段话：
“诸军并起，无终岁之计，饥则寇略，饱则弃馀，瓦解流离，无敌自破者不可胜数。”
Cao Cao’s reclamation system proves that he is worthy of being a farsighted politician. When Cao Cao issued his “Land Reclamation Order,” he said, “The art of stabilizing the country lies in strengthening the army and sufficient food.” So how can we calm the world? The first is to strengthen the army, and the second is to have enough food. If the army is not strong, how can you gain the world? However, other vassals did not have this strategic vision. Later, there was a passage in “Wei Shu”:
“When all armies rise together, there is no plan to end their lives. Hunger leads to banditry, satiety leads to abandonment, disintegration and exile, and there are countless who are invincible and self defeating.”
