但是有一个问题不好解释，不太好解释，就是诸葛亮做了蜀汉的丞相以后，刘备没让他开府，就是他没有自己的独立办事机构。这个问题，我们以后的节目里还要再说，开府是在刘禅的时代。当然这个也可以解释，说这个时候蜀汉刚刚建国，体制还不完善，慢慢来，也可以讲得通。最无法解释的是这样一个问题，就是关羽攻襄樊，刘备征孙权，这两次战争事实证明都是错误的，是错误的时间的军事冒险，诸葛亮为什么不阻止？一种解释说诸葛亮也没有料到会失败，这个不通，他不是杰出的军事家吗？怎么料不到？那么他不说，就是另一种原因，就是知道说了也没用。有证据吗？有，在哪里？《三国志·法正传》，夷陵、猇亭之战以后，诸葛亮说了这样一句话：“法孝直若在，则能制主上，令不东行。”就说法正如果还活着的话，就会阻止我们的皇上，不让他去发动这场战争。那么这话什么意思呢？就是第一，法正的话刘备是一定听的；第二，刘备也只听法正的，其他人的话他谁都不听，包括诸葛亮的话他也不听。所以诸葛亮没有说话。
However, there is a problem that is not easy to explain. After Zhuge Liang became the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, Liu Bei did not let him open the government, but he did not have his own independent administrative agency. This question will be mentioned again in our future programs. Kaifu was founded in the era of Liu Chan. Of course, this can also be explained. It can be said that at this time, the Shu Han Dynasty was just founded, and the system was not yet perfect. Taking it slowly can also make sense. The most inexplicable question is the question of Guan Yu attacking Xiangfan and Liu Bei attacking Sun Quan. Both wars proved to be wrong and military adventures at the wrong time. Why didn’t Zhuge Liang stop them? One explanation is that Zhuge Liang didn’t expect to fail, which makes no sense. Isn’t he an outstanding military strategist? Why didn’t you expect it? “So if he doesn’t say it, it’s another reason. It’s useless to know what he said.”. Is there any evidence? Yes, where is it? In the “Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms – Fazheng Biography”, after the battle between Yiling and Xiaoting, Zhuge Liang said this sentence: “If Faxiao is upright, he can control the Lord and prevent him from traveling eastward.” It was said that if Fazheng were still alive, he would prevent our emperor from starting this war. So what does this mean? First, Liu Bei must listen to Fazheng’s words; Secondly, Liu Bei only listens to Fazheng, and he doesn’t listen to anyone else, including Zhuge Liang. So Zhuge Liang didn’t speak.
诸葛亮为什么不劝阻？那也只好猜测了。我的猜测是，诸葛亮已经感觉到刘备对他的不完全信任，请注意我的表述，不是完全信任，也不是完全不信任，是不完全信任，是有限信任，不是无限信任，打折扣的信任。为什么不完全信任？因为这个时候他们两个人的政治理念有了分歧。刘备集团的诸葛亮和曹操集团的荀彧这两个人是非常相似的，他们的共同之处是自己有政治理念和政治理想，而他们两个人的理想还刚好是一致的，就是匡复汉室，要恢复大汉王朝。而这两个集团的首领曹操和刘备也非常相似，是什么呢？是前期也都有这个理想，到了后期也都没了。曹操原来也是有这个想法的，荀彧才会辅佐他，但是后来变了；刘备开始可能也是有这个理想，但是后来忘了。什么时候忘的？王夫之《读通鉴论》告诉我们是分荆得益之后，就是瓜分了荆州、得到了益州之后，刘备就把那个匡复汉室、恢复大汉王朝的理想给忘了。他这个时候的想法就是割据一方，做土皇帝，至于“汉贼不两立”，那是政治口号，是政治手段。问题在于刘备忘了诸葛亮没忘，这个理想在诸葛亮那儿还在。而这样一种变化又是微妙的，是不现形的，甚至是说不出口的，所以诸葛亮也不能去劝刘备说你不要忘掉你的理想，刘备说我没忘啊，所以才有后来所谓的“先帝与汉贼不两立”的这种说法。但是心里面大家是有数的，最后双方只能心照不宣，就是什么？诸葛亮埋头苦干，做好自己份内的工作，不再多管闲事。
Why didn’t Zhuge Liang dissuade him? That’s just a guess. My guess is that Zhuge Liang has sensed Liu Bei’s incomplete trust in him. Please note my statement, which is not complete trust, nor complete mistrust, incomplete trust, limited trust, not unlimited trust, or discounted trust. Why not fully trust? Because at this time, their political ideas have diverged. Zhuge Liang of the Liu Bei Group and Xun Yu of the Cao Cao Group are very similar. Their common ground is that they have their own political ideas and ideals, and their ideals are just the same, that is, to restore the Han family and restore the Han Dynasty. The leaders of these two groups, Cao Cao and Liu Bei, are also very similar. What are they? “I had this ideal in the early stage, but in the later stage, it was gone.”. Cao Cao originally had this idea, and only Xunyu could assist him, but later it changed; Liu Bei may have had this ideal at first, but later he forgot. When did you forget it? Wang Fuzhi’s “Reading Comprehension” tells us that after dividing up Jingzhou and benefiting from it, that is, after dividing up Jingzhou and obtaining Yizhou, Liu Bei forgot his ideal of restoring the Han family and restoring the Han Dynasty. At this time, his idea was to separate the stronghold and become a local emperor. As for “the Han and the thief are not at odds”, that was a political slogan and a political means. The problem is that Liu Bei forgot that Zhuge Liang didn’t forget, and this ideal still exists with Zhuge Liang. However, such a change is subtle, invisible, and even inexpressible. Therefore, Zhuge Liang cannot persuade Liu Bei to say that you should not forget your ideals. Liu Bei said that I did not forget, which led to the later statement that “the former emperor and the Han thieves are not at odds.”. But in our hearts, everyone has a number, and in the end, both parties can only tacit understanding, which is what? Zhuge Liang buried himself in hard work, did his job well and stopped meddling.
好了，这就是我猜测托孤之前他们君臣关系，它是非常微妙的，是信任又不完全信任，有那么一点小问题。那么有人就要问了，那为什么还要托孤给诸葛亮呢？无人可托啊。庞统死了，法正死了，关羽死了，张飞死了，黄忠死了，马超这个时候也死了，剩下可以依托的只有三个人，诸葛亮、赵云、魏延。那么赵云前面已经说过了，不太受信任，一直是个杂号将军；魏延是刘备非常信任的人，但你总不能托孤于魏延吧；何况诸葛亮现在已经是丞相了，那就只能托孤诸葛亮。但是由于是不完全信任，因此他有两点保留：第一就是透底，公开把话挑明；第二，设副，他设了一个李严为副，而李严是什么时候当尚书令的呢？是刘备去世前六个月，不能不让人觉得这是刘备的刻意安排。
以上就是我对永安托孤这个事件的一些看法，再申明一遍，只是猜测。不管怎么说，刘备是托孤于诸葛亮了，从此蜀汉政权进入了一个新的历史时代，这个历史时代我们可以称之为诸葛亮时代。诸葛亮接过了刘备留下的这个担子，这是一副非常沉重的担子。要挑超这副重担，诸葛亮要处理好方面面面的许多关系，也正是在这一系列过程中，诸葛亮表现出一个杰出政治家的天才。那么诸葛亮要处理的第一个关系是什么呢？我想应该是他和刘禅的关系，因为虽然刘备说让刘禅视丞相如父，但毕竟是君臣，那么诸葛亮和刘禅的关系是怎么样的呢？请看下集——非常君臣。
Well, this is my guess about the relationship between their monarchs and ministers before Toru Gu. It is very delicate, trusting and not completely trusting. There is a little bit of a problem. So someone is about to ask, why should we entrust Zhu Geliang with an orphan? There is no one to trust. Pang Tong is dead, Fa Zheng is dead, Guan Yu is dead, Zhang Fei is dead, Huang Zhong is dead, and Ma Chao is also dead at this time. There are only three people left to rely on: Zhuge Liang, Zhao Yun, and Wei Yan. So Zhao Yun has already said that he is not very trusted and has always been a miscellaneous general; Wei Yan is a person Liu Bei trusts very much, but you can’t leave Wei Yan alone, can you; Besides, Zhuge Liang is now the prime minister, so we can only rely on him. However, due to his lack of complete trust, he has two reservations: the first is to disclose the truth and make it clear publicly; Second, set up a deputy. He set up a deputy, Li Yan. When did Li Yan become a minister? It was six months before Liu Bei’s death, and one cannot help but feel that this was a deliberate arrangement by Liu Bei.
The above are some of my views on the Yong’an orphanage incident. To reiterate, they are just speculation. Anyway, Liu Bei was left alone by Zhuge Liang, and the Shu Han regime entered a new historical era, which we can call the Zhuge Liang era. Zhuge Liang took on the burden left by Liu Bei, which was a very heavy burden. To overcome this burden, Zhuge Liang had to deal with many aspects of the relationship, and it was in this series of processes that Zhuge Liang demonstrated the genius of an outstanding politician. So what is the first relationship that Zhuge Liang needs to deal with? “I think it should be his relationship with Liu Chan, because although Liu Bei said that Liu Chan would treat the prime minister as his father, he was, after all, a monarch and a minister. So what was the relationship between Zhuge Liang and Liu Chan?”? Please take a look at the next episode – extraordinary monarchs and ministers.
＊到今天为止，《易中天品三国》系列节目的前三个篇章——“魏武挥鞭”、“孙刘联盟”、“三足鼎立”伴随我们走过了2006年。易中天先生用他诙谐的语言和人文视角，为我们讲解了三国时期一个个英雄人物，分析了这些英雄人物的成败得失。那么，刘备去世以后，蜀汉进入了诸葛亮的时代，由于这位天才政治家的鞠躬尽瘁和精心治理，蜀国政权又延续了数十年；但最终仍然是无可奈何花落去。此后，曹魏和孙吴也相继灭亡，天下统一于晋。那么为什么诸葛亮最终未能实现自己的政治理想，曹操和孙权的接班人也没有一统天下呢？请看《易中天品三国》第四部分——“重归一统”，2007年春天推出，敬请关注！
So far, the first three chapters of the series “Yi Zhong Tian Pin Three Kingdoms” – “Wei Wu Whips the Whip”, “Sun Liu Alliance”, and “Three Tripod Tripod” have accompanied us through 2006. With his witty language and humanistic perspective, Mr. Yi Zhongtian explained to us the heroes of the Three Kingdoms period and analyzed their successes and failures. After Liu Bei’s death, Shu Han entered the era of Zhuge Liang. Due to the dedication and careful governance of this talented politician, the regime of Shu continued for decades; But in the end, there is still no choice but to let the flowers fall. After that, Cao Wei and Sun Wu also perished one after another, and the world was unified in Jin. So why did Zhuge Liang ultimately fail to achieve his political ideals, and the successors of Cao Cao and Sun Quan also fail to rule the world? Please see the fourth part of “Yi Zhong Tian Pin Three Kingdoms” – “Return to Unity”, launched in the spring of 2007. Please pay attention!
