荆州，汉代十三州当中最大的州之一，东汉末年，各路诸侯都对这块战略要地垂涎三尺，因为他们认为，荆州的拥有者刘表没有能力，守不住荆州。作为镇守一地的最高长官，刘表有那么窝囊吗？他究竟是一个怎样的人呢？厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩品三国之——必争之地。
荆州是东汉末年群雄争霸的战略要地，而荆州的拥有者刘表在各路诸侯的眼中，又是一个没有多少能力，只想保住自己一亩三分地的庸碌之辈，于是诸侯们各施手段争夺荆州。这种争夺改变了当时中国的状态，争夺的结果，最终奠定了三国鼎立的基础。那么，荆州的主人刘表，在诸侯争霸的夹缝中，究竟在荆州做了些什么？他有哪些功过得失？他究竟又是一个怎样的人呢？厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩品三国之“必争之地”。
Jingzhou was one of the largest of the thirteen states in the Han Dynasty. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, various vassals coveted this strategic location because they believed that the owner of Jingzhou, Liu Biao, was incompetent and could not defend Jingzhou. As the supreme officer guarding a place, is Liu Biao so cowardly? What kind of person is he? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful tasting of the Three Kingdoms – a place that must be contested.
Jingzhou was a strategic location for hegemony in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and Liu Biao, the owner of Jingzhou, was seen by various vassals as a mediocre person who had little ability and only wanted to maintain their own land, so the vassals resorted to various means to compete for Jingzhou. This competition changed the state of China at that time, and the result of the competition ultimately laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation. So, what did Liu Biao, the master of Jingzhou, do in the midst of the struggle for hegemony in Jingzhou? What are his merits and demerits, gains and losses? What kind of person is he? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful tasting of the “indisputable place” of the Three Kingdoms.
易中天：
在前面几集我们讲到，荆州这个地方被鲁肃、诸葛亮也包括曹操定为必争之地，就是鲁肃为孙权做的规划也好，诸葛亮为刘备做的规划也好，还是曹操自己为自己做的规划也好，荆州这个地方是一定要拿下的。为什么要争，前面已然讲过，今天我们就来讲它为什么能争。为什么能争呢？诸葛亮在《隆中对》里面说得非常清楚：“其主人不能守”，也就是荆州这块地方当时的占有者刘表，他守不住荆州，那么刘表又为什么守不住荆州呢？那我们就要来看看刘表是一个什么样的人？
在《后汉书》里面，刘表是和袁绍合为一传的。我们知道从《史记》到《汉书》到《三国志》到《后汉书》，它都是纪传体的史书，这些历史学家在为传主做传的时候往往会把某一些人合为一传，而哪些人合为一传呢？那么这些合为一传的人，他们相互之间是有某种关联的。那么《后汉书》把袁绍和刘表合为一传，说明袁绍和刘表在他看来是同一类型的人，是什么人呢？如果说曹操是可爱的奸雄，那么袁绍和刘表就可以说是漂亮的草包。
Yi Zhongtian:
In the previous episodes, we have mentioned that Jingzhou is a place that Lu Su, Zhuge Liang, and Cao Cao have designated as a must for battle. Whether Lu Su’s plan for Sun Quan, Zhuge Liang’s plan for Liu Bei, or Cao Cao’s plan for himself, Jingzhou is a place that must be won. “Why should we compete? As we have already mentioned, today we will talk about why it can compete.”. Why can we argue? Zhuge Liang made it very clear in “Long Zhong Dui” that “its owner cannot defend”, that is, Liu Biao, the then occupant of Jingzhou, couldn’t defend Jingzhou, so why couldn’t Liu Biao defend Jingzhou? So let’s take a look at what kind of person Liu Biao is?
In “The Book of the Later Han Dynasty”, Liu Biao and Yuan Shao are co biographies. We know that from “The Records of the Historian” to “The Book of Han” to “The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms” to “The Book of the Later Han Dynasty”, it is all historical books in the form of biographies. These historians often combine certain people into one biography when they are biographing for their heirs, and who do they combine into one biography? So these people, who are united in one biography, have some connection with each other. So “The Book of the Later Han Dynasty” combines Yuan Shao and Liu Biao into one biography, indicating that Yuan Shao and Liu Biao are the same type of people in his opinion. Who are they? If Cao Cao is a cute traitor, then Yuan Shao and Liu Biao can be said to be beautiful strawberries.
我们先来看看刘表的漂亮，刘表这个人可以用16个字来总结，就是帝室之胄、一表人才、党锢中人、乱世名流。据《三国志》和《后汉书》，我们知道刘表他是鲁公王之后，是地地道道的宗室，而且刘表的这个宗室的身份看起来还是比较靠得住的，不像刘备的那个皇叔身份可能是注水猪肉。而且刘表身“长八尺馀，姿貌甚伟”，我们知道诸葛亮身长八尺，合现在的一米八四，刘表身长“八尺馀”，那至少也有一米八六，甚至一米八八，而且相貌是很漂亮的。他在东汉末年是士人当中的名流，我们知道东汉末年士人集团和宦官集团这个斗争很激烈，后来宦官集团得势的时候曾经禁锢了一批士人，也称为党人，这叫“党锢中人”，刘表是其中这一，遭到当时朝廷的追捕，因为跑得快，幸免于难。那这样后来宦官集团失败了以后，刘表翻身了，所以他名声很好，他名声之好，上了当时的排行榜，叫做“八顾”，什么叫“顾”呢？就是有德行的人，当时品评人物，评出了八个最有德行的人，刘表是其中之一，所以这是一个漂亮人物，而这些在当时都是刘表成就一番事业的资本。现在我们看起来觉得会很可笑，说一个人能不能成就一番事业与长得怎么样有什么关系呢？在当时还是讲究这个的。
Let’s first take a look at the beauty of Liu Biao. Liu Biao can be summarized in 16 words, namely, the nobles of the imperial family, the talented people of the first appearance, the people in the party cage, and the celebrities in troubled times. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, we know that Liu Biao was the queen of the Duke of Lu, a genuine royal family. Moreover, Liu Biao’s royal family identity seems to be relatively reliable, unlike Liu Bei’s imperial uncle identity, which may be water infused pork. Moreover, Liu Biao’s body is “over eight feet long, with a magnificent appearance.” We know that Zhuge Liang’s body is eight feet long, equivalent to the current one meter eight four. Liu Biao’s body is “over eight feet long,” which is at least one meter eight six, even one meter eight eight, and his appearance is very beautiful. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, he was a celebrity among the intellectuals. We know that the struggle between the intelligentsia group and the eunuch group was very fierce. Later, when the eunuch group gained power, it once imprisoned a group of intellectuals, also known as the party members, which was called “the party prisoners.” Liu Biao was one of them, and was chased by the court at that time, but he survived because he ran fast. After the failure of the eunuch group, Liu Biao turned over, so he had a good reputation. His reputation was so good that he made it on the list at that time, called “Ba Gu”. What is “Gu”? “A person with moral integrity. At that time, Liu Biao was one of the eight most virtuous people who were judged by people. Therefore, this was a beautiful person, and these were the capital for Liu Biao to achieve a career at that time.”. Now we seem to think it’s ridiculous to say that whether a person can achieve a career or not has nothing to do with how they look? At that time, it was still important to pay attention to this.
＊在讲究出身门第，讲究相貌和品行的士人阶层中，刘表的优点是突出的，他在治理荆州的时候，也使荆州在一定时期内获得了安定和平，这应该说是他能力的具体体现。但是诸葛亮却认为刘表守不住荆州，而曹操集团的郭嘉、孙权集团的鲁素在规划荆州的时候，也都没有看重刘表的作用，那么，刘表真的是中看不中用吗？他到底有没有本事呢？
刘表也有本事。汉献帝初平元年，也就是公元190年这个时候，长沙太守孙坚杀了荆州刺史王睿，这个事情我们在《江东基业》这一集已经交待过了，那么荆州刺史这个职位就出缺了，朝廷就任命刘表担任荆州刺史。但是当时荆州是非常地混乱，怎样混乱呢？一个是袁术，包括袁术手下的孙坚，图谋荆州；第二个就是荆州当地有所谓宗贼作乱，什么叫宗贼呢？就是按照家族和宗法关系组织起来的地方性非政府武装。结果刘表不能到任，也就是说刘表虽然得到了朝廷的任命，实际上是没有办法治理荆州这个地方的。这个时候刘表就采取了一个正确的措施，依靠当地的豪族、豪门世族来平定荆州，他找到了两个人，一个叫做蒯越，一个叫做蔡瑁。蒯越是一个非常有能力的人，蒯越字异度，连曹操都非常欣赏他，后来曹操拿下荆州以后，写信回去说我高兴的不是得到了荆州，是得到了异度，得到了蒯越。蔡瑁是荆州的一个豪门，非常地富有。
Liu Biao’s advantages are prominent among the ranks of scholars who value their origins, appearance, and conduct. When he ruled Jingzhou, he also achieved stability and peace in Jingzhou for a certain period of time, which should be said to be a concrete manifestation of his abilities. However, Zhuge Liang believed that Liu Biao could not defend Jingzhou, while Guo Jia of Cao Cao Group and Lu Su of Sun Quan Group did not attach importance to the role of Liu Biao when planning Jingzhou. So, is Liu Biao really a medium value and useless one? Is he really capable?
Liu Biao also has skills. In the first year of Emperor Xiandi’s early reign, in 190 AD, Sun Jian, the governor of Changsha, killed Wang Rui, the governor of Jingzhou. We have already explained this matter in the episode “Jiangdong Ji Ye”, so the position of governor of Jingzhou will be vacant, and the court appointed Liu Biao as governor of Jingzhou. But Jingzhou was very chaotic at that time. How could it be chaotic? One is Yuan Shu, including Sun Jian under Yuan Shu, who plotted against Jingzhou; The second is that there are so-called clandestine bandits in Jingzhou. What is a clandestine bandit? It is a local non-governmental armed force organized according to family and patriarchal relationships. As a result, Liu Biao was unable to take office, which means that although Liu Biao was appointed by the imperial court, there is actually no way to govern Jingzhou. At this time, Liu Biao took a correct measure, relying on the local Haozu and Haomen aristocratic clan to pacify Jingzhou. He found two people, one named Kuai Yue and the other named Cai Mao. Kuai Yue was a very capable person. Kuai Yue’s character was Yidu, and even Cao Cao admired him very much. Later, after Cao Cao took Jingzhou, he wrote back and said that I was happy not to have obtained Jingzhou, but to have obtained Yidu and obtained Kuai Yue. Cai Mao is a wealthy family in Jingzhou.
