画外音：汉末大乱之际，在英雄备出的历史舞台上，曹操、刘备、孙权最终一军突起，分别建立起了自己的政权，形成了三足鼎立之势。然而在风起云涌之后，魏蜀吴三国又巧然的同归于晋朝，那么如何揭开这段合久必分，分久必合的历史迷雾呢？敬请关注易中天品三国之《殊途同归》。
上一集讲到陆逊之死深层的原因是孙权与士族的矛盾冲突所致，这种情况在曹操、刘备、诸葛亮那里同样存在，因为魏、蜀、吴三国都是由非士族出身的人建立的，曹操、刘备、孙权也无意于建立一个士族地主阶级的政权，这就决定了他们的建国之路都是逆流而上。那么同样面对士族阶级的抵抗，曹操、刘备、孙权在建国的道路上有什么不同吗？魏、蜀、吴三家最终又为什么会同归于晋呢？厦门大学易中天教授坐客百家讲坛，为您精彩讲述品三国之《殊途同归》。
曹魏的道路呢？我称之为非和平演变，也可以叫非宫廷政变。为什么呢？因为曹魏的天下实际上是他用武力打下来的，是武装夺取政权，但是最后交接的那个仪式是禅让，禅让给人感觉好象是和平演变或者是宫廷政变，或者叫做和平过渡，无以名之，所以我称之“非和平演变”，或者非和平过渡，或者非宫廷政变。那么这个过程是什么样子的，我们可以打一个比方，我们不是把政权叫做上层建筑吗？那么我们就可以把它理解成一栋房子，那么建立一个新政权呢？我们就可以把它理解为盖房子。那么曹操呢？曹操我们就可以把他理解为一个开发商兼建筑师，他要盖一栋新房子，因为他要建立一个新的政权，法家寒族之曹魏政权，那么他能不能盖呢？能，他迎奉了天子就等于征得了土地，他战胜了袁绍就等于取得了资质，他现在是一个有土地的开发商和一个有资质的建筑师，那他就可以盖房子了。但是曹操马上就发现他有问题，什么问题呢？
Voice over: During the turmoil of the late Han Dynasty, on the historical stage where heroes emerged, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan finally emerged as one army, establishing their own political power, forming a tripartite balance. However, after the ups and downs of the wind and clouds, the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu happened to belong to the Jin Dynasty, so how can we uncover this historical fog of unity and division? Please pay attention to Yi Zhongtian’s “Different Paths and Same Destination” of the Three Kingdoms.
As mentioned in the previous episode, the underlying cause of Lu Xun’s death was the conflict between Sun Quan and the gentry. This situation also existed in Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang, because the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu were all founded by people of non gentry origin, and Cao Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan had no intention of establishing a regime of the gentry landlord class, which determined that their path to nation-building was all upstream. So, faced with the resistance of the aristocratic class, what differences did Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan make in their path to the founding of the country? Why did the Wei, Shu, and Wu families ultimately belong to the Jin Dynasty? Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University is sitting on a hundred forums to tell you a wonderful story about the Three Kingdoms: “Different Paths, Same Destination.”.
How about the path of Cao Wei? I call it non peaceful evolution, or non court coup. Why? “Because Cao Wei actually conquered the world with force and seized power with armed force, the final handover ceremony was a ceremony of abdication, which gave the impression of peaceful evolution or a court coup, or a peaceful transition, without any name. Therefore, I call it” non peaceful evolution “, or a non peaceful transition, or a non court coup.”. So what does this process look like? Let’s make an analogy, don’t we call the political power superstructure? So we can understand it as a house, and then establish a new regime? We can understand it as building a house. What about Cao Cao? Cao Cao can be understood as a developer and architect who wants to build a new house because he wants to establish a new regime, the Cao Wei regime of the Han family of the Legalist family. Can he build it? Yes, he received land when he worshipped the Son of Heaven, and obtained qualifications when he defeated Yuan Shao. Now that he is a land developer and a qualified architect, he can build a house. But Cao Cao immediately found out that he had a problem. What problem?
就是他批得这块土地上有一栋房子，东汉嘛，这个房子不能拆了，他拆了这个房子他就要失去这块土地，所以他不但不能拆房子，他还要装出一副很维护这栋旧房子的样子，象一个精心呵护这个家的老管家，而不能充当一个强行拆迁的开发商，他不能强行拆迁，那他怎么办呢？他想出个办法搞装修，你不让我拆房子呢？我装修总可以吧，破了吧，快倒了嘛，那么这个房子是一个什么房子呢？是个框架结构的房子，你装修你可以敲墙，只要不是承重墙，你也可以把厨房挪动一下，你也可以把厕所挪动一下，你都可以做，曹操的打算就是这挪一下，那挪一下，等他装修搞完了以后，大家发现这个房子变了，这个房子改新潮了，他是这么个打算。那么这个办法好不好呢？是挺好的，但是有一个前提就是房子不能拆，你绝不能拆房子，那么东汉这个上层建筑，这个房子它是一个什么样的结构呢？三根支柱一个屋顶，三根支柱就是“外戚、宦官、士族”，一个屋顶就是那个“天子”，就是那个皇帝。曹操把皇帝弄到自己手上他的屋顶就有了，那么这三根柱子两根早就倒掉了，剩下一根，独木难支，这个时候他就麻烦了，他麻烦在什么地方呢？
他搞装修不是真搞装修，他是要偷梁换柱，偷梁换柱你动不动柱子？你动不动？不能不动吧，那么你动了这个柱子以后，这个屋子不就要塌下来了嘛，这是他的难题。同时士族作为柱子也有问题了，就是我们本来是柱子，现在屋顶到曹操那儿去了，我们去不去？我们不跟着到曹操那儿去，我们成了光杆司令，野地上杵着一根柱子，我们跟到曹操那儿去最后，我们变成汉献帝的柱子还是变成曹孟德的柱子呢？他们也要想清楚这个问题。所以这个时候曹操和士族都有难题，最后他们的办法是什么？曹操的办法是“拉扰士族，利用士族，依靠士族，不相信士族”。因为他用搞装修的办法来搞这个事情，他没有士族他装修都搞不成啊，所以他必须把这些人都弄来，这些人也都来了，比方说杨彪啊，孔融啊，荀彧啊，崔琰啊，这都是士族，都是名士啊，都来了。这些人来了，这些人的想法是什么呢？拥汉不拥曹。
画外音：东汉末年，天下大乱，群雄并起，曹操运筹帷幄结束了汉末群雄混战的局面，统一了北方，其中曹操所走的关键一步就是迎奉大汉天子到了许都，这就为曹魏的基业找到了个房顶，可是这个房顶原来的三根支柱倒了两根，外戚和宦官在董卓进京之前就已经自相残杀、两败俱伤了，那么剩下的士族这根柱曹操究竟该如何对待呢？士族们与曹操能够很好地配合吗？
“It was he who approved a house on this land. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, this house cannot be demolished, and if he demolishes it, he will lose the land. Therefore, not only can he not demolish the house, but he also pretends to maintain the old house very much, acting like an old housekeeper who takes good care of this family, rather than acting as a developer who forcibly demolishes it. What can he do if he cannot forcibly demolish it?”? He figured out a way to decorate the house. Don’t you let me demolish it? “I can always decorate it, it’s broken, it’s about to collapse, so what kind of house is this house?”? “It’s a frame structure house. You can knock on the wall when you decorate it. As long as it’s not a load-bearing wall, you can move the kitchen or the toilet. You can do anything. Cao Cao’s plan is to move it here and there. After he finishes decorating it, the big family finds that the house has changed, and the house has become trendy. That’s what he plans to do.”. So how about this method? “It’s very good, but there is a premise that the house cannot be demolished, and you must not demolish the house. So what kind of structure is the superstructure of the Eastern Han Dynasty and this house?”? “Three pillars make up a roof. The three pillars are” external relatives, eunuchs, and noble families. “A roof is the” Son of Heaven “, which is the emperor.”. “Cao Cao had the emperor’s roof in his own hands, and two of the three pillars had already collapsed, leaving one that was difficult to support. At this point, he was in trouble. Where was his trouble?”?
“He’s not really engaged in decoration. He’s trying to steal beams and change columns. Can you move the columns by stealing beams and changing columns?”? Are you moving? Can’t stop moving? After you move this pillar, the house will collapse. This is his problem. At the same time, there are also problems with the noble family as pillars. We were originally pillars, but now the roof has gone to Cao Cao. Shall we go? “We don’t follow to Cao Cao. We become commander of the bare pole, with a pillar hanging on the field. We follow to Cao Cao. Finally, will we become the pillar of Emperor Han Xiandi or the pillar of Cao Mengde?”? They also need to think clearly about this issue. So at this time, both Cao Cao and the gentry had difficulties. What was their solution in the end? Cao Cao’s method was to “harass the gentry, utilize them, rely on them, and distrust them.”. “Because he used the method of decoration to do this thing, he couldn’t do it without a noble family, so he had to bring all these people, and they all came, such as Yang Biao, Kong Rong, Xun Yu, and Cui Yan. These are all noble families, all famous scholars, and they all came.”. These people are here. What are their thoughts? Embrace the Han, not the Cao.
Voice over: In the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a great chaos in the world, and the great powers rose together. Cao Cao devised a strategy to end the tangled warfare between the great powers in the late Han Dynasty and unify the north. The key step Cao Cao took was to welcome the Emperor of the Han Dynasty to Xudu, which found a roof for Cao Wei’s foundation. However, two of the original three pillars of the roof were collapsed, and the external relatives and eunuchs had already killed each other and hurt both before Dong Zhuo entered the capital, So what should Cao Cao do with the rest of the gentry? Can the gentry and Cao Cao cooperate well?
