实际上我们看，当时来到许都的这些士族或者说名士，他其实是形形色色的，不可以一刀切的，有各种各样的情况。三种，一个是只认大屋顶，不认装修工，那我就是冲皇上来的，也不准你瞎搞装修，看到你动墙动什么，他就出来抗议，以孔融为代表，被曹操杀了，你不让我搞装修我也杀你。第二种，赞成曹操搞装修，也帮着曹操搞装修，但是希望曹操把房子装修好了以后还给屋主，还给业主，就是汉王朝，你不能得了，你如果要装修完了自己得了，他要反对，荀彧是代表，荀彧一直帮着曹操，但是曹操要称魏公的时候荀彧不赞成，因为他骨子里拥汉，荀彧这个人叫做表面上拥曹，骨子里拥汉，地地道道的是“身在曹营心在汉”这是荀彧。那么第三种是什么呢？也认你这个装修工，也让你搞装修，也帮你搞装修，等你把房子装修完了以后说，其实房子应该这样装修，按我们的方案装，最后发现这个房子还真按他们的方案装出来了，以谁为代表呢？
陈群，陈群是表面上看是拥曹派，荀彧反对曹操魏公，曹操当个魏公荀彧都不同意，陈群怎么样呢？陈群说你应该当皇帝，曹操当了魏王以后，劲进的人就是陈群，但是曹操一死，没多久陈群就拿出一个方案来“九品官人法”，又叫九品中正制。这个方案是什么呢？保护士族垄断仕途的特殊权力。我们现在没有办法仔细讲这个九品官人法，它实质就是保护士族地主阶级垄断做官权力的特权，把这个方案交给曹丕，曹丕拿来一看马上明白了，原来你们这些喊着拥护汉王朝、要复兴汉室，不让我们曹家篡位，说白了你是要这个。什么拥汉，就是要你们士族的特权，好嘛，我跟你做交易，我同意，实行九品官人之法或者叫做九品中正制。于是这些人马上说我们大家都盼望已久啊，不好意思，殿下赶快称帝吧，曹丕说不好意思我怎么能称帝，哎呀你要不称帝，武王在这个坟墓里头睡不安稳嘛，曹丕当皇帝了。所以士族是不一样的，孔融、荀彧、陈群代表三种不同的立场和态度，如果我们要评价一下，我觉得是孔融高傲，荀彧高尚，陈群高明。
In fact, we can see that these noble or famous scholars who came to Xudu at that time were actually various and could not be cut across all, with various situations. There are three types: one is that I only work on the big roof and not on the decorator. That’s why I rushed to the emperor and didn’t allow you to mess with the decoration. When I saw you moving the wall, he came out to protest, represented by Kong Rong, and was killed by Cao Cao. If you didn’t let me do the decoration, I would kill you. The second is to support and help Cao Cao decorate the house. However, I hope that Cao Cao can return the house to the owner and the owner after finishing the decoration, which is the Han Dynasty. You cannot afford it. If you want to finish the decoration and get it yourself, he will oppose it. Xun Yu is the representative, and Xun Yu has been helping Cao Cao. However, when Cao Cao wants to call Wei Gong, Xun Yu disapproves, because he has Han in his heart, and Xun Yu is known as ostensibly supporting Cao, “There is a Han in the bones, and the truth is, ‘Being in Cao Ying and being in the Han’. This is Xun Yu.”. So what is the third kind? I also recognize you as a decorator, let you do the decoration, and also help you do the decoration. After you finish decorating the house, I will say that the house should be decorated in this way. We installed it according to our plan. Finally, I found that the house was actually installed according to their plan. Who is the representative?
Chen Qun, Chen Qun is ostensibly a supporter of the Cao faction. Xun Yu opposes Cao Cao and Wei Gong, but Cao Cao disagrees when he becomes a Wei Gong. What about Chen Qun? Chen Qun said that you should be the emperor. After Cao Cao became the king of Wei, the person who made great progress was Chen Qun. However, after Cao Cao’s death, Chen Qun soon came up with a plan to implement the “Nine Rank Official System”, also known as the Nine Rank Middle System. What is this plan? Protect the special power of the aristocratic clan to monopolize their official career. “We can’t talk about this Jiupin Official Law carefully now. Its essence is to protect the privileges of the aristocratic landlord class in monopolizing official power. Give this plan to Cao Pi, and Cao Pi will immediately understand it. Originally, you guys are shouting to support the Han Dynasty, to revive the Han family, and not let our Cao family usurp the throne. To be frank, you want this.”. “Embracing Han means the privilege of your gentry. Well, I’ll make a deal with you, and I agree to implement the law of nine rank officials, or the system of nine rank officials.”. “So these people immediately said that we have all been looking forward to it for a long time. I’m sorry, Your Highness, hurry up and claim the title of Emperor. Cao Pi said that I’m sorry how I can claim the title of Emperor. Alas, if you don’t claim the title of Emperor, King Wu can’t sleep soundly in this tomb. Cao Pi has become Emperor.”. Therefore, the noble families are different. Kong Rong, Xun Yu, and Chen Qun represent three different positions and attitudes. If we want to evaluate them, I think they are Kong Rong’s arrogance, Xun Yu’s nobility, and Chen Qun’s brilliance.
他还是实现了自己的目的，实现了本阶级的目的。但是这里面有一个问题，什么问题呢？就是曹丕的想法不等于曹操的想法，曹操并没有说一定要当皇帝，这曹操当不当皇帝的问题一直是争论不休的问题，关键就是曹操说的那一句“如果天命在君，吾为周文王矣”这个话到底怎么理解？吕思勉先生说那就是不想当皇帝，很多历史学家说那其实就是暗未他儿子当皇帝，其实我的看法曹操那个时候就是听天由命，因为曹操这个人的特点是有理想无蓝图，他根本不知道他自己的路怎么走，他的路是摸石头过河，一步一步摸出来的，走到哪儿算哪儿，你去看他的《述志令》他讲得很清楚，你就这么一步一步走过来走到最后快死的时候听天由命吧，该怎么着怎么着吧，我不管，是这个意思。但是曹丕和士族地主阶级达到这样一笔政治交易以后，就使曹魏政权发生了本质的变化，性质变了，由法家寒族之政权演变为儒家士族之政权，虽然表面上他获得了皇帝的称号，实际上背离了曹操当年的初衷，是曹丕的胜利，曹操的失败，曹丕的喜剧，曹操的悲剧。所以曹丕之魏朝已非曹操之魏国，当皇袍加在了曹丕身上的时候，曹操就不可避免地要被人画成一张大白脸了，所以曹丕称帝之日即是曹魏灭亡之时，以后的司马代魏那不过是履行一个手续，为已经变成士族地主阶级的政权再来一次加冕仪式，这是曹魏。
画外音：自从汉天子被曹操迎奉到许都之后，汉朝廷被曹操一步步掏空，公元218年，曹操被册封为魏公，他的魏王政府成为事实上新朝廷，但是曹操在当不当皇帝这个问题上面对象孔融、荀彧等士族或明或暗的反对，必里还是很矛盾的，事实上曹操最终并没有称帝，而称霸江东的孙权却于公元229年称帝了，难道孙权不知道士族的厉害吗？孙权的建国道路又是怎样的呢？
如果说曹操是借东汉的房子搞装修，那么孙权呢？孙权是在帝国大厦里面有一个套房，江东嘛，名义上还是东汉帝国的，孙权没有产权证。刘备呢？对不起，套房也没有，借别人的房子住，那么他们怎么成功了呢？前有车后有辙，看曹操啊。曹操给他们提供了正反两个方面的经验，曹操提供的正面经验是士族阶级并不可怕，可以战胜的，曹操提供的反面经验是士族阶级力量很大，不能硬来。所以曹操说是逆流而上，孙权是顺势而为，而刘备是绕道而行，怎么讲？孙权顺势而为，什么叫顺势而为？就是江东化，既然这个天下总归是士族的，我这个地方就先给它算了，所以孙权的道路我称之为“本土化生存”，就是孙权的哥哥孙策打回江东的时候，他依靠的力量主要是淮泗将领和流亡北士，就是都不是江东人，他是靠那些非江东人，也非江东士族的一些人建立起来的政权，他早期依靠的主要是周瑜、张昭，周瑜是淮泗将领的代表。
He still achieved his own goals and the goals of his own class. But there’s a problem here, what’s the problem? It is Cao Pi’s idea that does not equal Cao Cao’s idea. Cao Cao did not say that he must become an emperor. The question of whether Cao Cao should become an emperor has always been a controversial issue. The key is how to understand the sentence Cao Cao said, “If the fate of heaven is in the king, I will be King Wen of Zhou.”? Mr. Lv Simian said that he didn’t want to be an emperor. Many historians said that it was actually the case that his son became an emperor. In fact, my view was that Cao Cao was resigned to fate at that time, because Cao Cao’s characteristic was that he had ideals without blueprints, and he didn’t know how to follow his own path. His path was to cross the river by feeling stones, step by step, and where he went was where he was. If you go to read his “Shuzhi Ling”, he spoke very clearly, “You just walk through it step by step until you’re almost dead, just let it be, whatever you do, I don’t care. That’s what you mean.”. However, after Cao Pi and the aristocratic landlord class reached such a political deal, the essence of the Cao Wei regime changed, and its nature changed. From the legalist Han clan regime to the Confucian aristocratic clan regime, although on the surface he obtained the title of emperor, in fact, it deviated from the original intention of Cao Cao in those years. It was Cao Pi’s victory, Cao Cao’s failure, Cao Pi’s comedy, and Cao Cao’s tragedy. Therefore, the Wei Dynasty of Cao Pi was no longer the Wei Kingdom of Cao Cao. When the emperor’s robe was placed on Cao Pi, Cao Cao would inevitably be painted with a big white face. Therefore, the day Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor was the time of the demise of Cao Wei. Later, Sima Dai Wei merely performed a procedure to perform another coronation ceremony for the regime that had become a gentry landlord class. This was Cao Wei.
Voice over: Since the Emperor of the Han Dynasty was welcomed by Cao Cao to Xudu, the Han court has been gradually hollowed out by Cao Cao. In 218 AD, Cao Cao was crowned Duke of Wei, and his government of the King of Wei became a de facto new court. However, Cao Cao’s opposition to the question of becoming an emperor, whether overtly or covertly, has been very contradictory. In fact, Cao Cao ultimately did not claim the title of emperor, But Sun Quan, who dominated Jiangdong, became emperor in 229 AD. Don’t Sun Quan know the power of the gentry? What was Sun Quan’s path to nation-building?
If Cao Cao borrowed a house from the Eastern Han Dynasty for decoration, what about Sun Quan? Sun Quan has a suite in the Empire State Building, Jiangdong, which is nominally owned by the Eastern Han Empire. Sun Quan does not have a property right certificate. What about Liu Bei? Sorry, I don’t have a suite either. I borrowed someone else’s house to live in. So how did they succeed? There are cars in front and ruts behind. Look at Cao Cao. Cao Cao provided them with both positive and negative experiences. The positive experience provided by Cao Cao was not terrifying and could be defeated by the noble class, while the negative experience provided by Cao Cao was that the noble class had great power and could not be hard pressed. So Cao Cao said that he was going upstream, Sun Quan was following the trend, and Liu Bei was taking a detour. What do you say? Sun Quan took advantage of the situation. What does it mean to take advantage of the situation? “It is Jiangdonghua. Since the world is always owned by gentry, I will give it up first. Therefore, I call Sun Quan’s path” localized survival “. When Sun Ce, Sun Quan’s brother, fought back to Jiangdong, he relied mainly on Huaisi generals and exiled Beishi, even if they were not Jiangdong people. He relied on some people who were not Jiangdong people or Jiangdong gentry to establish a political power.”, In his early days, he relied mainly on Zhou Yu and Zhang Zhao, who were representatives of Huaisi generals.
