张昭是流亡北士的代表，那么这些人在江东没有根基，没有势力，可以放心地使用，那所以孙权的前期你看他的君臣关系是比较和睦和谐的，因为这些人可以放心啊，但问题在于这些人是外来的他没有根基，孙吴要在江东扎根你必须依靠本土士族，也就是你必须江东化，所以孙权到中后期就逐步把权力交到江东士族的手上，比如说顾雍为丞相，陆逊为统帅，那四大家族的顾、陆两家分了文武大权，而且江东士族的子弟进入孙权的幕府和政府的数以千以，这样一个状态，我们可以总结为四个字“吴人治吴”，吴人治吴就是江东化就是本土化，这样一来江东士族和孙吴政权就成为了一个利益共同体，一损俱损，一荣俱荣。因此当外来的军事力量要来对付东江的时候，江东士族挺身而出，它不仅是保卫孙权，它也是保卫自己啊，要知道中国人的家族地方观念是很强的，保家卫国是两个概念合成一个概念。但是任何方案都是双刃剑，任何事物都有正反两面，孙权的江东化、本土化，本土化生存保证了他这个政权的存在，同时也造成了另一个问题，就是孙权本人的内心分裂，因为这种江东化他本人不代表江东士族，他对江东士族是无可柰何的依靠，他并不相信啊。所以他在晚年疑神疑鬼，刚愎自用，行事乖张，内心分裂嘛，结果弄到什么呢？结果他用刑严峻，吴国上下言路不通，大家都不能说话，都不提意见，都不讲真话，这样的国家岂有不亡之理啊，何况江东士族也不是中原士族的对手啊，当天下大部分归了晋以后，它怎么对抗得了，所以吴国也要灭亡。
画外音：通过易中天先生的分析，可以看出为了建国，孙权只得吸取曹操与士族阶级矛盾的教训，他顺势而为采取了吴人治吴的办法，把孙吴的命运与江东士族的命运紧紧地捆绑在一起，孙权这样才在汉末群雄中获得了一席之地，如果说孙权靠父兄打下的基业在汉帝国大厦还算有一套房子住，那么刘备是连房子也没有的，都是借别人的住，那么刘备建国道路又是怎样的呢？
那么蜀国呢？我前面讲曹魏是非和平演变或者说曹魏是非和平过渡，孙吴是本土化生存，那么蜀汉我就称之为“计划外单列”。因为历史原本没有它的计划，我前面讲过长江流域三州，三个州牧都是宗室，刘繇扬州牧，刘表荆州牧，刘焉益州牧，北边还有一个刘虞幽州牧，刘备也是宗室州牧，豫州牧，但是他那个豫州牧是空的啊，豫州也不归他。所以鲁肃为孙权做规划的时候说三分天下没有刘备，是孙权、刘表、曹操三分天下，刘备是冒出来的，那么刘备这个人呢他也有优势，什么优势呢？名为宗室实为寒门，曹操阉竖之后，宦官的家庭，曹操叫出身污浊，孙权呢叫做出身孤微，刘备这个出身我想了半天自己发明了一个词，因为刘备既不是富贵也不是贫残，他是贵，宗室嘛，但是贫，我就发明了一个词，叫做贫贵，又贫穷又高贵。所以他这个很有意思，两边都喜欢他，至少两边都能接受他，他跟两边都能打交道，但是实际上你看他的队伍没有人出身名门望族，刘、关、张都不出身名门望族，尤其是关羽，关羽是最瞧不起士族，张飞相反，关羽、张飞在这个问题上是相反的，张飞对士大夫非常客气，对士兵不好，关羽对他的士兵非常之好，就是瞧不起那些士大夫，什么文化人，他根本不放在眼里，所以我觉得曹操那么喜欢关羽可能有一个没有说出来的原因，就是发现关羽比他还蔑视士族，太过瘾了。
Zhang Zhao is the representative of the exiled Northern Scholars, so these people have no foundation or influence in Jiangdong, and can be used with confidence. Therefore, in Sun Quan’s early years, you can see that his relationship between monarchs and ministers was relatively harmonious, because these people can be trusted. However, the problem is that these people are foreign, and they have no foundation. If Sun Wu wants to take root in Jiangdong, you must rely on local gentry, that is, you must become Jiangdong oriented, Therefore, Sun Quan gradually handed over power to the aristocratic families of Jiangdong in the middle and late stages, such as Gu Yong as the prime minister and Lu Xun as the commander in chief. The Gu and Lu families of the four major families were divided into civil and military powers, and the descendants of the aristocratic families of Jiangdong entered the shogunate and government of Sun Quan in the thousands. This state can be summed up in four words: “The Wu people rule Wu”. The Wu people rule Wu is the localization of Jiangdong, In this way, the Jiangdong gentry and the Sun Wu regime became a community of interests, with both loss and prosperity. Therefore, when foreign military forces come to deal with Dongjiang, the Jiangdong gentry stands up, not only to defend Sun Quan, but also to defend themselves. It is important to know that the Chinese people have a strong sense of family and locality, and protecting the family and the country is a combination of two concepts. However, any plan is a double-edged sword, and everything has both positive and negative sides. Sun Quan’s Jiangdongization and localization ensured the existence of his regime, but also caused another problem, which is Sun Quan’s internal division. Because this Jiangdongization does not represent the Jiangdong gentry, he has a helpless reliance on the Jiangdong gentry, and he does not believe it. So in his later years, he was paranoid, headstrong, behaving perversely, and divided inwardly. What did he end up with? As a result, his punishment was severe, and there was no communication between the upper and lower levels of the State of Wu. Everyone could not speak, nor raise opinions, nor speak the truth. How could such a country survive? Moreover, the Jiangdong gentry were not rivals to the gentry of the Central Plains. When most of the world returned to Jin, how could it resist? Therefore, the State of Wu would also perish.
Voice over: Through Mr. Yi Zhongtian’s analysis, it can be seen that in order to establish the country, Sun Quan had to learn the lesson of the contradiction between Cao Cao and the aristocratic class. He took the opportunity to adopt the method of Wu people governing Wu, tightly tying the fate of Sun Wu and the fate of the aristocratic class in Jiangdong. Only in this way did Sun Quan gain a place among the heroes of the late Han Dynasty. If Sun Quan had a house to live in the Empire State Building of the Han Dynasty due to his father and brother’s foundation, So Liu Bei doesn’t even have a house, and he borrows someone else’s house to live in. So what about Liu Bei’s path to nation-building?
What about Shu? As I mentioned earlier, Cao Wei was a non peaceful evolution or a non peaceful transition, and Sun Wu was a localized existence. Therefore, in the Shu Han Dynasty, I would call it “unplanned and independent”. Because history originally had no plan for it, I mentioned earlier that the three states in the Yangtze River basin are all patriarchal clans, including Liu Yao, Yangzhou, Liu Biao, Jingzhou, and Liu Yan, Yizhou. In the north, there is another Liu Yu, Youzhou. Liu Bei is also a patriarchal clansman, and Yuzhou, but his Yuzhou herdsman is empty, and Yuzhou is not owned by him. So when Lu Su planned for Sun Quan, he said that there was no Liu Bei in the three parts of the world. It was Sun Quan, Liu Biao, and Cao Cao who divided the world, and Liu Bei emerged. What advantage does Liu Bei have as a person? The family of eunuchs after the eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch’s eunuch. So he is very interesting. Both sides like him, at least both sides can accept him, and he can deal with both sides. But in fact, you can see that none of his team is from a famous family, and Liu, Guan, and Zhang are not from a famous family, especially Guan Yu. Guan Yu despises the noble family the most. On the contrary, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu are the opposite on this issue. Zhang Fei is very polite to scholarly officials, and is not good to soldiers, Guan Yu is very kind to his soldiers, but he despises those scholarly officials and intellectuals, and he doesn’t pay attention to them at all. Therefore, I think there may be an unspoken reason why Cao Cao likes Guan Yu so much, that is, he found that Guan Yu despises the gentry even more than he does, which is too enjoyable.
那么他是这样的一个出身，碰上了一个历史的机缘，应该说是，因为当时曹操如果不打荆州，我们现在也很难讲以后怎么发展，刚好曹操一打荆州，刚好刘表又死了，孙权又跟他联盟了，我们赤壁之战把曹操又打败了，他趁机夺了荆州的南方四郡，然后慢慢发展，又碰巧刘璋是个不中用的，又把益州给了他，他发展起来，所以他计划外单列，没有这个事儿，而且你们看他这个整个建国过程，基本上是跟着曹操走，所以刘备最聪明的就是在这儿，他盯着曹操，你曹操不在前面闯路吗，曹操是第一个出来和士族地主阶级对抗的人，所以被骂死掉，他盯着曹操看，他有一段话，他跟庞统说的，他说我每与操与，我都是跟曹操反着来的，曹操这样我就那样，曹操那样我就这样，我反正跟他反着来，我就成功了，聪明吧。所以造成不要跟风，跟风是最蠢的，但是他有一条是跟着的建国之路，曹操称魏王，我当汉中王，曹丕说我是魏帝，那我当汉帝，所以田余庆先生说蜀汉的建国之路是抄袭历史，剽窃临国，没什么创意的，这不是否定刘备的意思，刘备本人还是个英雄，而且我觉得刘备的出身给他一个很好的条件就是他比其他人懂得民间疾苦，他这个从小织席子、卖草鞋的那个生涯我觉得是很重要的，更懂人心，更懂人性，养尊处优的人是不好的，袁绍为什么失败？
很重要的一个原因，公子哥儿，纨绔子弟，养尊处优，不懂民间疾苦，因此也不懂人性和人心，曹操比他懂，刘备更懂。但是刘备称帝两年以后就去世了，真正治理蜀国的不是他刘备，是诸葛亮，所以我们在讲三国主要领导人的时候，我提出的是四个人，就是曹操、孙权、刘备、诸葛亮，诸葛亮虽然不是国王，不是皇帝，但是实际上的领导核心，那么诸葛亮治蜀怎么样呢？非常精彩，蜀国是治理得最好的，而且诸葛亮领导的期间蜀国的情况相当之好，而蜀国之所以要灭亡也恰恰就在这里。
画外音：刘备深知自己是没有资格建国的，他虽然有宗室的身份以及将军的头衔，但都是空头支票，并不管用的，所以刘备在建国之路上就盯着曹操走，借鉴曹操发展的经验教训，比如他也尽量避免与士族产生正面冲突，再加上刘备很懂得民间疾苦，终于在公元221年称帝建立蜀汉政权，那么在刘备之后的诸葛亮又是如何治理蜀国的呢？为什么易中天先生说蜀国最先灭亡恰恰是因为治理得最好呢？
“So he came from such a family background and encountered a historical opportunity. It should be said that if Cao Cao had not attacked Jingzhou at that time, it would be difficult for us to tell how to develop in the future. Just as Cao Cao had attacked Jingzhou, Liu Biao died again, and Sun Quan allied with him again. We defeated Cao Cao again in the Battle of Chibi. He seized the opportunity to seize the four southern prefectures of Jingzhou, and then slowly developed. It happened that Liu Zhang was useless,”, “He gave Yizhou to him again, and he developed, so he listed it separately from his plan. There was no such thing as this, and as you can see, during the entire process of founding the country, he basically followed Cao Cao. Therefore, Liu Bei’s cleverest thing was here. He stared at Cao Cao. Didn’t Cao Cao break the path in front of him? Cao Cao was the first person to come out and confront the gentry landlord class, so he was scolded to death. He stared at Cao Cao, and he had a message with Pang Tong,”, He said that whenever I come against Cao Cao, I always come against him. Cao Cao is like me, and Cao Cao is like me. Anyway, if I come against him, I will succeed. Be smart. Therefore, don’t follow the trend. Following the trend is the stupidest thing to do, but he has a path of founding a country that he follows. Cao Cao calls me the King of Wei, and I will be the King of Hanzhong. Cao Pi calls me the Emperor of Wei, and then I will be the Emperor of Han. Therefore, Mr. Tian Yuqing said that the path of founding a country in Shu Han is to copy history, plagiarize the country, and have no originality. This is not to negate Liu Bei, who is still a hero, Moreover, I think Liu Bei’s birth has provided him with a good condition: he understands the hardships of the people better than others. I think his career of weaving mats and selling straw sandals from a young age is very important. A person who understands people’s hearts better, understands human nature better, and cares for others is not good. Why did Yuan Shao fail?
One important reason is that young men and dandies, who cultivate dignity and treat themselves well, do not understand the sufferings of the people, and therefore do not understand human nature and the hearts of the people. Cao Cao understands more than he does, and Liu Bei understands better. However, Liu Bei passed away two years after he became emperor, and it was not Liu Bei but Zhuge Liang who truly ruled the Kingdom of Shu. So when we talked about the main leaders of the Three Kingdoms, I proposed four individuals, namely Cao Cao, Sun Quan, Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang. Although Zhuge Liang was not a king or an emperor, he was actually the core of leadership. So what about Zhuge Liang’s governance of Shu? It is wonderful. The Shu State is the best governed, and during the period under the leadership of Zhuge Liang, the situation of the Shu State was quite good, and it was precisely here that the Shu State perished.
Voice over: Liu Bei was well aware that he was not qualified to establish the country. Although he had the status of a royal family and the title of a general, all of them were empty promises and useless. Therefore, on the way to establishing the country, Liu Bei focused on Cao Cao and drew lessons from his development. For example, he also tried to avoid confrontation with the gentry. In addition, Liu Bei understood the hardships of the people very well, and finally became emperor in 221 AD to establish the Shu Han regime, So how did Zhuge Liang manage the Shu State after Liu Bei? Why did Mr. Yi Zhongtian say that the earliest cause of the demise of Shu was precisely the best governance?
