在曹操集团众多的谋士中，有一个重要的谋士荀彧，他的地位相当于刘备集团的诸葛亮。二十年来，他为曹操看家护院，出谋划策，尽心尽力，最后，却神秘地死去。荀彧的死在历史上留下了很多说法，那么到底荀彧是怎么死的？他的死与曹操有关系吗？敬请关注《易中天品三国》之——进退失据。
在上期节目中，易中天先生讲到，曹操在政治上步步为营，得寸进尺，攫取了当时帝国的最高权力，获得了仅次于皇帝的最高地位。而且由于他大权独揽，所以他比皇帝还要皇帝，甚至很多人都认为，曹操已经是有实无名的皇帝了。然而在此过程中，在一个关键的时刻，曹操却遭到了荀彧的反对。荀彧是曹操集团最重要的谋士，也是曹操最为信任的人，在曹操多年的征战中，荀彧为曹操出谋划策、尽心尽力，然而却在曹操要封魏公、建魏国的时候发出了反对的声音，这是为什么呢？厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩品三国之“进退失据”。
Among the numerous counsellors of the Cao Cao Group, there was an important counsellor, Xun Yu, whose position was equivalent to that of Zhuge Liang of the Liu Bei Group. For twenty years, he has been guarding Cao Cao’s home and courtyard, giving advice and doing his best, but in the end, he mysteriously died. The death of Xunyu has left many accounts in history, so how did Xunyu die? Is his death related to Cao Cao? Please pay close attention to “Yi Zhong Tian Pin Three Kingdoms” – the dilemma.
In the last program, Mr. Yi Zhongtian talked about Cao Cao’s political progress, gaining every inch and seizing the highest power of the empire at that time, gaining the highest position next only to the emperor. Moreover, due to his monopolization of power, he had more emperors than the emperor, and even many people believed that Cao Cao was already a real and unknown emperor. However, during this process, at a critical moment, Cao Cao was opposed by Xun Yu. Xun Yu was the most important counselor of the Cao Cao Group and the most trusted person of Cao Cao. During Cao Cao’s many years of warfare, Xun Yu advised and devoted himself to Cao Cao. However, when Cao Cao wanted to seal the Duke of Wei and establish the State of Wei, he raised a voice of opposition. Why is this? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful tasting of the “dilemma” of the Three Kingdoms.
易中天：
荀彧为什么要反对？为什么会反对？为什么荀彧的反对如此的重要？我们必须先来看一看荀彧是一个什么样的人。
荀彧是一个有智慧的人，曹操得到荀彧的时候说了这样一句话，说“吾之子房也”，就是曹操是把荀彧看作自己的张良的。在曹操南征北战的过程中，每到关键时刻都是荀彧帮助曹操出谋划策、克敌制胜，一直到建安十三年曹操南征刘表，使用的还是荀彧的战略部署，这是第一点。
第二点，荀彧有理想。当年曹操为是否迎奉天子到许县而犹豫的时候，是荀彧提出了著名的三大纲领，这个我们在《深谋远虑》这一集已经讲过。也就是说荀彧是一个有正义感的，由政治理想的人。
第三点，荀彧有远见。官渡之战之前，曹操为自己能不能战胜袁绍而苦恼，是荀彧提出了曹操的四大优点和袁绍的四大弱点。
Yi Zhongtian:
Why did Xun Yu object? Why would you object? Why is Xun Yu’s opposition so important? We must first take a look at what kind of person Xun Yu is.
Xunyu was a wise man. When Cao Cao got Xunyu, he said, “My son is also my son,” which means that Cao Cao regarded Xunyu as his own Zhang Liang. During the course of Cao Cao’s southward and northern wars, at every critical moment, it was Xun Yu who helped Cao Cao devise strategies and defeat the enemy. Until the 13th year of Jian’an, Cao Cao’s southward expedition against Liu Biao was carried out using Xun Yu’s strategic deployment, which was the first point.
Secondly, Xun Yu had ideals. When Cao Cao hesitated to welcome the Emperor to Xu County, it was Xun Yu who proposed the three famous programs, which we have already talked about in the episode “Foresight”. That is to say, Xun Yu is a person with a sense of justice and political ideals.
Thirdly, Xun Yu had a vision. Before the Battle of Guandu, Cao Cao was worried about whether he could defeat Yuan Shao. It was Xun Yu who proposed Cao Cao’s four strengths and Yuan Shao’s four weaknesses.
第四点，荀彧有担当。兴平元年，曹操刚刚得到兖州，代理了兖州牧，倾巢而出，率领全部的军队去征讨陶谦，这个时候曹操的两个老朋友，一个叫张邈，一个叫陈宫的，突然反叛曹操，联合吕布来打曹操。这个吕布的军队开过来以后，整个兖州这一州基本上都反了，都背叛了曹操，只剩下三座城池。而这个时候留守曹操大本营根据地的，就是荀彧和程昱，他们守在鄄城。荀彧马上意识到，这三座城池如果守不住，曹操如果在征徐州的时候又失败了，那么曹操就变成了丧家之犬，老窝都被人抄了。于是荀彧和称昱商量，请程昱出去安定了另外两座城池，自己和夏侯惇守在鄄城。这个时候来了一个叫郭贡的，率领大军来打鄄城，提出一个要求要荀彧出来跟他见一面，荀彧马上说我去见他，而夏侯惇说你去不得，你是一州之镇守，你去了以后有个三长两短怎么办呢？荀彧说没有关系的，为什么？因为郭贡和张邈平时没有来往，和吕布也没有什么关系，他突然带着军队过来说明他还没拿定主意，他是来探探虚实的，如果我们这儿虚他趁机捞一把，如果我们这儿实他可能就回去了。他说我还是去见他，于是荀彧一个人出城去见郭贡，神色自若，郭贡一看，知道鄄城拿不下，撤军。所以是荀彧和程昱在曹操刚刚可以说有一点成功的时候，帮曹操守住了他的根据地。
Fourth, Xun Yu has a responsibility. In the first year of Xingping, Cao Cao had just acquired Yanzhou, acting as the herdsman of Yanzhou, and went out to lead all the troops to conquer Tao Qian. At this time, two old friends of Cao Cao, one named Zhang Miao and the other named Chen Gong, suddenly rebelled against Cao Cao and joined forces with Lv Bu to fight against him. After Lu Bu’s army arrived, the entire state of Yanzhou basically turned against Cao Cao, leaving only three cities. At this time, those who remained in the base area of Cao Cao’s base camp were Xun Yu and Cheng Yu, who were stationed in Juancheng. Xunyu immediately realized that if these three cities could not be defended, and if Cao Cao failed in his expedition to Xuzhou, then Cao Cao would become a lost dog and his old nest would be copied. So Xun Yu discussed with Cheng Yu and asked Cheng Yu to go out and settle the other two cities. He and Xia Houdun stayed in Juancheng. At this moment, a man named Guo Gong came and led a large army to attack Juancheng. He made a request for Xunyu to come out and meet him. Xunyu immediately said that I would go to see him, while Xia Houdun said that you couldn’t go. You are the guard of a state. What should I do if there are any problems after you go? Xun Yu said it doesn’t matter, why? “Because Guo Gong and Zhang Miao had no contact at ordinary times, and had nothing to do with Lv Bu, he suddenly came over with the army to explain that he had not made up his mind yet. He was here to explore the real situation. If we had a real situation here, he would take advantage of the opportunity to make a profit. If we had a real situation here, he might have gone back.”. He said that I should go to see him, so Xunyu went out of the city alone to see Guo Gong with a calm expression. Guo Gong looked at it and knew that Juancheng could not take it, so he withdrew. So it was Xun Yu and Cheng Yu who helped Cao Cao defend his base area just when he could say he had a bit of success.
