鲁肃可以说是三国时代最先认清形势的一个人，当曹操和袁绍刚刚在官渡作完战，很多人还看不清这个形势的时候，鲁肃来到孙权身边对孙权说了什么话？汉室不可复兴，曹操不可卒除。你要知道七年以后，刘备和诸葛亮的隆中对话还在说兴复汉室呢，你说鲁肃多有远见啊，汉室是扶不起来的了，曹操一时半会儿也除不掉，所以怎么样呢？所以将军你就可以干点事了，汉室不可复兴意味着什么？意味着孙权霸业可成，反正现在乱哄哄的，你不如现在可以趁早搞一块地方搞政权出来，曹操既然是不可以卒除的，一下子除不掉的，三分就是必须的，所以鲁肃就向孙权提出三分天下的设想，孙权、刘表、曹操三分天下。那么既然要这个三分天下，荆州和扬州或者说江东就要联合起来对抗北方，划江而治，所以南方对抗北方就是必然的，既然南方对抗北方是必然的，那么联刘抗曹就是必定的，这就是鲁肃的意义啊。我现在可以负责任的告诉大家最后赤壁之战之前孙权决定和刘备联合就因为七年前鲁肃已经把事情说清楚了，孙权必里有这个底，知道这是必由之路，所以孙刘联盟赤壁之战鲁肃是第一功臣。鲁肃的运气呢？也在于他遇到了孙权，孙权是个什么样的人呢？我前面讲了曹操、荀彧是有理想的，但是理想不同发生冲突，孙权和鲁肃两个人都没有理想，有什么呢？有目标。他们只有目标，目标是什么呢？就是鲁肃提出的“建号帝国，以图天下”。要图天下就得称帝王，要称帝王呢，你就先得固江东，你要江东这块地方都保不住，你还称什么帝王，图什么天下，你先把江东保住，要保江东怎么样呢？就要联刘备，就要本土化，这是很清楚的一笔帐啊。所以孙权在赤壁之战的时候毅然和刘备联合，所以孙权后来毅然把政权和军权都交给江东士族，我得把江东的士族和我绑在一起我江东才能固，我固了江东我才能称帝王，我称了帝王我才能图天下，他帐算得很清楚。所以孙权有三个不在乎：第一不在乎汉室是存是亡。这大汉存不存在无所谓，我觉得它要存在的时候，我说我也是要为了兴复汉室，他哪一点做了兴复汉室的事啊。第二个不在乎，不在乎曹操是忠是奸。曹操是个忠臣还是奸臣他无所谓，需要你是忠臣的时候你就是汉相，需要认为你是奸臣的时候你就是汉贼，你去看孙权对曹操的称呼一会儿是曹公如何如何，一会儿是老贼如何如何，他变好几回了，根本不在乎。第三个不在乎呢，不在乎政权属性，就是他不在乎他的政权是属于士族地主阶级，还是属于庶族地主阶级，他不在乎，他只在乎一条，姓不姓孙，姓孙就行，所以他在江东成了气候。因为毕竟曹操是汉相，刘备是皇族，孙权是什么呢？他为什么能成气候呢？与这个有关系。所以鲁肃和孙权之间有种默契，君臣之间有一种默契，但是鲁肃也有点可怜，就是他死了以后得了个三七开的评价，孙权评价周瑜、鲁肃、吕蒙，对陆逊讲的，对周瑜的评价是最高的，对鲁肃是三七开的，为什么那么说？鲁肃不该要我借荆州，那鲁肃为什么要借荆州呢？鲁肃他是现实主义者，他就考虑到这个时候你不联合刘备你对抗不了曹操当然这个问题我们可以讨论的，该借不该借我现在也不想说这个问题，我只是说这两个人是现实主义者。
画外音：以上易中天先生用科学的历史观为我们分析了曹操与荀彧都是理想主义者，孙权与鲁肃都是现实主义者，这两对君臣之间又各有各的矛盾，而三国中大家最熟悉的是刘备与诸葛亮，一般认为他们两个人是如鱼得水，君臣之间最信任，要不然怎么会有永安托孤的历史佳话呢，那么事实是这样的吗？我们该如何历史地评价刘备与诸葛亮呢？
Lu Su was arguably the first person to recognize the situation during the Three Kingdoms era. When Cao Cao and Yuan Shaogang had just finished fighting in Guandu and many people still couldn’t see the situation clearly, what did Lu Su say to Sun Quan when he came to Sun Quan’s side? The Han family cannot be revived, and Cao Cao cannot be eliminated. You should know that seven years later, the Longzhong dialogue between Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang was still talking about reviving the Han family. You said that Lu Su was so visionary that the Han family could no longer be helped up, and Cao Cao could not be eliminated for a while, so what? So General, you can do something. What does it mean that the Han family cannot be revived? It means that Sun Quan’s hegemony can be achieved. Anyway, there is chaos now, so why don’t you take advantage of the time to establish a local political power? Since Cao Cao cannot be eliminated at once and cannot be eliminated at once, three points are necessary. Therefore, Lu Su proposed to Sun Quan the idea of dividing the world into three parts: Sun Quan, Liu Biao, and Cao Cao. Since it is necessary to divide the world into three parts, Jingzhou and Yangzhou, or Jiangdong, must unite against the north, delimit the river, and govern. Therefore, it is inevitable for the south to oppose the north. Since it is inevitable for the south to oppose the north, it is inevitable to unite Liu against Cao, which is the significance of Lu Su. I can now responsibly tell you that before the final Battle of Chibi, Sun Quan decided to unite with Liu Bei because Lu Su had already made things clear seven years ago. Sun Quan must have this background and knew that this was the only way forward. Therefore, Lu Su was the first hero of Sun Liu’s alliance in the Battle of Chibi. What about Lu Su’s luck? It was also because he met Sun Quan. What kind of person was Sun Quan? As I mentioned earlier, Cao Cao and Xun Yu had ideals, but different ideals conflicted. Neither Sun Quan nor Lu Su had ideals. What was there? Have a goal. They only have goals, what are their goals? It is Lu Su’s proposal to “build an empire to map the world.”. If you want to map the world, you must be called an emperor. If you want to be called an emperor, you must first consolidate the east of the Yangtze River. If you want to preserve this place in the east of the Yangtze River, it is impossible to preserve it. What else do you call an emperor and map the world for? If you want to preserve the east of the Yangtze River, how about preserving the east of the Yangtze River? “If we want to unite with Liu Bei, we need to localize. This is a very clear account.”. So Sun Quan resolutely allied himself with Liu Bei during the Battle of Chibi, so Sun Quan resolutely handed over both political power and military power to the gentry of Jiangdong. I had to tie the gentry of Jiangdong to me, so that Jiangdong could be strengthened, Jiangdong could be strengthened, Jiangdong could be called an emperor, and Jiangdong could be called an emperor, so that he could map the world. His account was very clear. So Sun Quan has three things he doesn’t care about: First, he doesn’t care whether the Han family survives or dies. It doesn’t matter whether this great Han exists or not. When I thought it would exist, I said I also wanted to revive the Han family. What did he do to revive the Han family. The second one doesn’t care whether Cao Cao is loyal or treacherous. It doesn’t matter whether Cao Cao is a loyal minister or a traitor. When you need to be a loyal minister, you are the prime minister of Han Dynasty. When you need to think of yourself as a traitor, you are the thief of Han Dynasty. Go and see how Sun Quan calls Cao Cao, whether he is the Duke of Cao or the old thief. He has changed several times and doesn’t care at all. The third one is that he doesn’t care, he doesn’t care about the nature of the regime, that is, he doesn’t care whether his regime belongs to the aristocratic landlord class or the common landlord class. He doesn’t care, he only cares about one thing, and his surname is not Sun, but Sun. Therefore, he has become a climate in Jiangdong. Because after all, Cao Cao is the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, and Liu Bei is a royal family. What is Sun Quan? Why can he become a climate? It has something to do with this. Therefore, there is a tacit understanding between Lu Su and Sun Quan, and there is a tacit understanding between monarchs and ministers. However, Lu Su is also a bit pitiful, that is, after his death, he received a three-seven score evaluation. Sun Quan evaluated Zhou Yu, Lu Su, and Lv Meng. Speaking to Lu Xun, the evaluation of Zhou Yu was the highest, and the evaluation of Lu Su was three-seven score. Why do you say that? Lu Su shouldn’t have asked me to borrow Jingzhou, so why did Lu Su borrow Jingzhou? Lu Su is a realist, and he has considered that at this time you can’t fight against Cao Cao without uniting Liu Bei. Of course, we can discuss this issue. Should we borrow it or not? I don’t want to talk about this issue now. I just say that these two people are realists.
Voice over: Mr. Yi Zhongtian used a scientific historical perspective to analyze for us that Cao Cao and Xun Yu were both idealists, while Sun Quan and Lu Su were both realists. The two pairs of monarchs and ministers had their own contradictions, and among the three kingdoms, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang were the most familiar ones. It is generally believed that the two of them were like a fish in water, and the monarchs and ministers trusted each other the most. Otherwise, how could there be a historical story of Yong’an supporting the orphan, So is this the truth? How should we evaluate Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang historically?
