诸葛亮挥泪斩马谡，这是一个家喻户晓的故事。然而，这又是一段疑云重重的历史。马谡是马良之弟，是蜀国有名的人才，深得诸葛亮的赏识，但最终却落得一个身败名裂的下场。马谡该不该杀？诸葛亮为什么要杀马谡，他有什么不为人知的难言之隐呢？敬请关注《易中天品三国》之——痛失臂膀。
公元228年，诸葛亮第一次出师北伐，攻打曹魏。深受诸葛亮器重的参军马谡，被派往驻守战略要地街亭。而马谡在街亭违背诸葛亮的部署，不听从副将王平的劝告，主观武断，在远离水源的山上安营扎寨。结果曹魏大军蜂拥而至围困孤山，蜀军大败，马谡失魂落魄、灰头土脸地逃回大营，致使街亭失守，这就是著名的马谡“失街亭”的故事。事后诸葛亮上表刘禅，免去自己的丞相职务，降级三等，并且处斩了主要责任人马谡，这就是有名的“诸葛亮挥泪斩马谡”的故事。
一个看似简单的故事，当中却折射出众多复杂的问题。马谡该不该杀？诸葛亮为什么要杀马谡？仅仅是因为他丢失了街亭吗？厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩品三国之“痛失臂膀”。
Zhuge Liang shed tears and beheaded Ma Su. This is a well-known story. However, this is another period of doubtful history. Ma Su, the younger brother of Ma Liang, was a famous talent in the Shu Kingdom, and was deeply appreciated by Zhuge Liang. However, in the end, he ended up in ruin. Should Ma Su be killed? Why did Zhuge Liang want to kill Ma Su? What hidden secrets did he have that were unknown to everyone? Please pay close attention to “Yi Zhong Tian Pin Three Kingdoms” – the loss of arms.
In 228 AD, Zhuge Liang made his first Northern Expedition to attack Cao Wei. Ma Su, who was highly valued by Zhuge Liang, was sent to garrison the strategic location of Jieting. At Jieting, Ma Su disobeyed Zhuge Liang’s deployment and did not follow the advice of Deputy General Wang Ping. He was arbitrary and camped on a mountain far from the water source. As a result, Cao Wei’s army swarmed to besiege Gushan, and Shu’s army was defeated. Ma Su lost his soul and fled back to the camp with a disheartened face, resulting in the loss of Jieting. This is the famous story of Ma Su’s “Lost Jieting.”. After that, Zhuge Liang reported to Liu Chan, relieved himself of his position as prime minister, demoted to the third rank, and executed the main responsible person, Ma Su. This is the famous story of “Zhuge Liang weeping and beheading Ma Su.”.
A seemingly simple story reflects many complex issues. Should Ma Su be killed? Why did Zhuge Liang kill Ma Su? Is it just because he lost the kiosk? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful tasting of the “Lost Arm” of the Three Kingdoms.
易中天：
诸葛亮挥泪斩马谡这个事，观众朋友是相当地熟悉。相当地熟悉为什么还要讲？因为这里面的问题是相当地多。
首先第一条，马谡是不是被诸葛亮杀了，就弄不清楚。根据《三国志》的记载，马谡竟然是下落不明。为什么呢？我们知道在《三国志》当中，马谡是没有传的，那么马谡的结局只能到别人的传里面去看。《诸葛亮传》的说法是：“戮谡已谢众。”也就是说马谡被诸葛亮杀了。这个事有个旁证，在王平传，《王平传》说：“丞相亮既诛马谡”，也说马谡被诸葛亮杀了。《马良传》的说法是：“谡下狱物故，亮为之流涕。”就马谡被诸葛亮关进了监狱，病死在监狱里面；诸葛亮得到消息以后，哭了。第三种说法见于向朗传，《向朗传》的原文是：“谡逃亡，朗知情不举。”按照这个说法马谡是跑了。也就是说关于马谡的结局有三种说法：被诸葛亮杀了，病死在狱中，跑了。三种说法都见于《三国志》，也就是说同一个人陈寿，同一本书《三国志》，三种说法。历史的真相真是很难弄得明白。
Yi Zhongtian:
Audience friends are quite familiar with Zhuge Liang’s tearful beheading of Ma Su. Quite familiar Why do you want to talk about it? Because there are quite a few problems in this.
First of all, it’s unclear whether Ma Su was killed by Zhuge Liang. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Ma Su’s whereabouts were unexpectedly unknown. Why? “We know that in the Three Kingdoms Annals, there is no biography of Ma Su, so the outcome of Ma Su can only be seen in someone else’s biography.”. The saying in “The Biography of Zhuge Liang” is: “Ma Su has been killed by Zhuge Liang.” That is to say, Ma Su was killed by Zhuge Liang. There is a circumstantial evidence for this matter. In Wang Ping’s biography, the “Biography of Wang Ping” says, “Prime Minister Liang killed Ma Su as well.” It also says that Ma Su was killed by Zhuge Liang. “. According to “The Biography of Ma Liang”, “Su was sent to prison and Liang shed tears for it.” Ma Su was imprisoned by Zhuge Liang and died of illness in the prison; After receiving the news, Zhuge Liang cried. The third statement can be found in the biography of Xiang Lang. The original text of Xiang Lang’s biography is: “Su fled, but Lang didn’t show his affection.” According to this statement, Ma Su ran away. That is to say, there are three versions of the ending of Ma Su: he was killed by Zhuge Liang, died of illness in prison, and ran away. The three versions can be found in the “Records of the Three Kingdoms”, that is, the same person Chen Shou, and the same book “Records of the Three Kingdoms”. The truth of history is really difficult to understand.
所以我一再强调，我给大家展示的是历史形象，历史形象不等于历史真相。不过这三种说法我觉得也还可以调和统一起来，估计是怎么回事呢？是马谡丢了街亭以后，心里一慌，就跑了。这个向朗呢，知情不举，没有举报。但是后来马谡，或者是被捉拿归案，或者投案自首，这个没有依据，反正又被诸葛亮抓起来，关进了大狱里面，而且下达了死刑命令。没有执行，死在狱中了。有这个可能。因此，诸葛亮挥泪斩马谡的说法，还是可以成立。如果这个说法成立的话，我们就会有问题了，什么问题呢：第一，马谡该不该杀？第二，诸葛亮想不想杀？第三，诸葛亮为什么要杀？第四，诸葛亮杀马谡为什么要流泪？
我们先说第一个问题：马谡该不该杀？我的看法是，可杀可不杀。
为什么可杀呢？他毕竟丢了街亭，丢了街亭就导致了第一次北伐战争的半途而废。而这次北伐战争本来是有可能要成功一把的，因为当时诸葛亮出兵的时候，曹魏方面没有准备。根据裴注的记载，当时曹魏只知道蜀中有一个刘备，那是很厉害的，不知道还有谁也会打仗。所以毫无准备，等到诸葛亮一出兵，朝野震惊，而且三郡皆反，有三个郡都反了曹魏，而投降了诸葛亮。那么这个时候，利用这样一个大好形势，向前进军，有可能是取得一些胜利的成果。而马谡坏了事，这是他该杀的一面。
So I have repeatedly emphasized that what I am showing you is a historical image, which is not equal to historical truth. However, I think these three statements can also be reconciled and unified. What is the estimate? After Ma Su lost the Jieting, his heart panicked and he ran away. This is Xiang Lang, who knows nothing and has not reported it. However, later on, Ma Su was either captured and brought to justice or surrendered, which had no basis. Anyway, he was arrested by Zhuge Liang, imprisoned in the prison, and issued a death penalty order. Didn’t execute, died in prison. There is a possibility. Therefore, the statement that Zhuge Liang killed Ma Su with tears can still be established. If this statement is true, we will have questions. What questions? First, should Ma Su be killed? Second, does Zhuge Liang want to kill? Third, why did Zhuge Liang want to kill him? Fourth, why did Zhuge Liang shed tears when he killed Ma Su?
Let’s start with the first question: Should Ma Su be killed? In my opinion, killing is not killing.
Why should we kill them? After all, he lost the street pavilion, which led to the abandonment of the first Northern Expedition. The Northern Expedition War was likely to be a success, because when Zhuge Liang dispatched troops, the Cao and Wei sides were not prepared. According to Pei’s notes, at that time, Cao Wei only knew that there was a Liu Bei in Shu, who was very powerful. I don’t know who else could fight. So unprepared, as soon as Zhuge Liang sent out his troops, the court and the field were shocked, and all three counties rebelled. Three counties rebelled against Cao Wei and surrendered to Zhuge Liang. At this time, taking advantage of such a great situation and advancing forward, it is possible to achieve some victorious results. And Ma Su’s bad behavior is the side he should kill.
