好了，既然诸葛亮不想杀马谡，马谡又是可杀可不杀的，那么我们就要问：为什么要杀呢？
＊根据前面易中天先生的分析，无论论才气还是论威望，马谡都出类拔萃，而且从私人关系上讲，马谡和诸葛亮私交非常好，是一个有勇有谋又深得诸葛亮信任的人才。但是诸葛亮在处置马谡时，铁面无私，不留任何情面。而易中天先生分析，从内心愿望来讲，诸葛亮是不想杀马谡的，此时他是做了一个痛苦的抉择。那么诸葛亮为什么要这么做？其中有什么隐情呢？
这个问题，蒋琬也问过诸葛亮。马谡被杀以后，蒋琬到了汉中，蒋琬就对诸葛亮说，丞相啊，“天下未定而戮智计之士，岂不惜乎！”说现在天下还没有安定，我们还要打很多很多的仗，丞相就把这样一个难得人才杀了，难道不可惜吗？那么诸葛亮是怎么回答的呢？诸葛亮流着眼泪，又一次哭了，留着眼泪说了十六个字：“四海分裂，兵交方始。若复废法，何用讨贼？”什么意思呢？就是诸葛亮说，请想一想孙武当年为什么能够百战百胜？就因为军纪严明哪。现在天下大乱，四海分裂，战争不是一天两天就能停止下来的；在这样一个情况下我们如果把军法给废了，请问我们用什么，我们凭借什么，我们靠什么去战胜敌人呢？那么根据诸葛亮的这一个回答，我们可以得出一个结论来，就是：诸葛亮杀马谡，是为了依法治蜀。
依法治国，或者依法治蜀，是诸葛亮治理蜀国的一个重要的思想。一个重要的思想，就是诸葛亮在蜀国实行的是法治。而且在这方面诸葛亮堪称千古楷模，至少有以下几点值得我们学习。
Well, since Zhuge Liang doesn’t want to kill Ma Su, and Ma Su can be killed or not, then we need to ask: Why should we kill him?
According to the previous analysis by Mr. Yi Zhongtian, Ma Su is outstanding in both talent and prestige. In terms of personal relationships, Ma Su and Zhuge Liang have a very good personal relationship, and they are a talented person who is courageous, resourceful, and deeply trusted by Zhuge Liang. But when Zhuge Liang dealt with Ma Su, he was impartial and showed no affection. According to Mr. Yi Zhongtian’s analysis, from the perspective of his inner desire, Zhuge Liang did not want to kill Ma Su. At this time, he made a painful choice. So why did Zhuge Liang do this? What are the secrets?
Jiang Wan also asked Zhuge Liang this question. After Ma Su was killed, Jiang Wan arrived in Hanzhong. Jiang Wan said to Zhuge Liang, “Prime Minister, it’s not a pity to kill intelligent and scheming people in the uncertain world!” He said that the world is not stable yet, and we still have to fight many and many wars. Isn’t it a pity that the Prime Minister killed such a rare talent? So how did Zhuge Liang answer? Zhuge Liang shed tears and cried again. With tears in his eyes, he said sixteen words, “The four seas are divided, and the war begins. If the law is abolished, why should we seek thieves?” What does it mean? Zhuge Liang said, “Please think about why Sun Wu was able to win all battles in those days?”? Because of strict military discipline. Nowadays, there is great chaos in the world and the four seas are divided. The war cannot be stopped in a day or two; In such a situation, if we abolish the military law, what should we use, by what means, and by what means to defeat the enemy? Based on Zhuge Liang’s answer, we can draw a conclusion that Zhuge Liang killed Ma Su in order to rule Shu according to law.
Governing the country according to law, or governing Shu according to law, is an important thought of Zhuge Liang in governing Shu. An important thought is that Zhuge Liang practiced the rule of law in Shu. And in this regard, Zhuge Liang can be called a model for the ages, and at least the following points are worth learning from.
第一点，严于律己。诸葛亮在杀马谡的同时也上表朝廷，要求处分自己，提出的处分的办法是自贬三等。这个报告打到刘禅那儿，那么刘禅批准，将诸葛亮降为右将军，但是行丞相事，所总统如故。虽然是右将军，但是还是代理丞相，那么原来该管的那些事、该有的权力照旧。根据这样一个结果，有人就批评诸葛亮是作秀，那么这个说法我觉得是不懂政治，也不懂历史，中国古代的政治它信奉的是儒家的学说，儒家的学说有个规矩叫什么？叫有经有权。经就是不能变的，权就是可以变的。用现在的话说，也就是政策要有原则性，也要有灵活性。那么一场军事行动失败了，作为统帅肯定要承担领导责任，但不等于把这个统帅杀掉或者废掉，统率杀掉、废掉这个仗还怎么打？所以处分是要处分的，但是不能因为这个处分影响到大局。
第二点，敢于认错。诸葛亮为此上了一道疏文，叫做《街亭自贬疏》，这篇疏文用我们现在的话来说就是检讨书。诸葛亮这个《街亭自贬疏》是很实在的，实在在什么地方呢？第一，他承担了全部责任。就包括马谡丢失的街亭，包括赵云在箕谷的失误，本来都不该他负责人的，诸葛亮全部承担下来了，这是第一点。第二点呢，诸葛亮实实在在地指出了问题的关键。问题的关键是什么呢？四个字：“授任无方”，就是我作为统帅我用人用错了。第三点，他建立了问责制度。就是规定以后但凡出师不利，主帅一定要承担领导责任。第四点，他采取了改正的措施。从此以后数次北伐，诸葛亮都亲临前线，坐镇指挥。所以是实实在在地认错。一个人啊，不可能不犯错误，世界上没有不犯错误的人，包括诸葛亮，难得的是能够承认错误、改正错误。只要能够承认错误、改正错误，就是了不起的人。在这一点上曹操、诸葛亮都做得非常好。
第三点，赏罚分明。马谡丢失了街亭，负直接责任，而且损失惨重：杀。赵云箕谷失利，但是事出有因，因为敌强我弱，而且赵云的指挥应该还是得当的：降级。王平是马谡的副手，在马谡进行军事部署的时候，王平一而再再而三地劝阻马谡，而且在马谡丢失街亭以后，王平采取了很多正确的措施，保全了军队：赏，王平晋级。王平是这次战争当中唯一没有受处分、反而受奖励的将领。那么本人作为统帅，负领导责任：贬。杀谡，降云，赏平，贬己，叫做赏罚分明。
The first point is to be strict with oneself. When Zhuge Liang killed Ma Su, he also went to the court and demanded that he be punished. The proposed punishment was to demote himself to the third rank. “This report was sent to Liu Chan, who approved the demotion of Zhuge Liang to the rank of Right General. However, he acted as Prime Minister and served as President.”. Although he is a right general, he is still acting as prime minister, so the matters and powers that should have been in his charge will remain the same. Based on such a result, some people criticized Zhuge Liang for being a showman, so I think this statement means that he does not understand politics or history. In ancient China, politics believed in Confucianism, and what is the rule of Confucianism? “You have authority and authority.”. Scripture cannot be changed, and power can be changed. In current words, policies should be principled and flexible. “If a military operation fails, as the commander in chief, we must assume leadership responsibility, but that does not mean killing or abolishing the commander in chief. How can we fight when the commander is killed or abolished?”? Therefore, punishment is necessary, but it cannot affect the overall situation.
Second, dare to admit your mistakes. Zhuge Liang wrote a short essay on this, called “The Self-deprecating Essay of the Street Pavilion,” which, in our current words, is a review. Zhuge Liang’s “Self deprecating and Sparring at Street Pavilions” is very real. Where is it really? First, he took full responsibility. “Even if Ma Su lost the Jieting, including Zhao Yun’s mistake in Jigu, he should not have been responsible for it. Zhuge Liang took over all of it. This is the first point.”. The second point is that Zhuge Liang actually pointed out the key to the problem. What is the key to the problem? Four words: “Empowerment without authority” means that as commander in chief, I used the wrong person. Third, he established an accountability system. It is stipulated that in the future, whenever there is a disadvantage in starting a career, the head coach must assume leadership responsibility. Fourth, he took corrective measures. After several northern expeditions, Zhuge Liang personally came to the front and took command. So it’s a real admission of error. It is impossible for one person not to make mistakes, and there is no one in the world who does not make mistakes, including Zhuge Liang. It is rare to be able to admit and correct mistakes. As long as we can admit and correct our mistakes, we are great people. Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang both did very well in this regard.
Third, clear rewards and penalties. Ma Su lost the Jieting, directly responsible, and suffered a heavy loss: killing. Zhao Yunji Valley lost, but there was a reason for it, because the enemy was strong and we were weak, and Zhao Yun’s command should have been appropriate: demotion. Wang Ping was Ma Su’s deputy. During Ma Su’s military deployment, Wang Ping repeatedly discouraged Ma Su, and after Ma Su lost the Jieting, Wang Ping took many correct measures to preserve the army: reward, Wang Ping promoted. Wang Ping was the only general in this war who was not punished but rewarded instead. As the commander in chief, I assume leadership responsibility: demotion. Killing Su, lowering clouds, rewarding Ping, and demoting oneself are called clear rewards and punishments.
