刘备死后，诸葛亮对内依法治蜀，做事公平，把蜀国治理得井井有条。然而，在他死后二十九年，一位有职无权的大臣谯周，竟然凭借着自己的三寸不烂之舌，把蜀国给说降了。那么诸葛亮创下蜀国大业，为什么经不住谯周的三言两语呢？这里面究竟有着怎样的玄机？敬请关注《易中天品三国》之——无力回天。
公元263年，在曹魏军出兵两个月之后，原本经营不错的蜀汉政权被刘禅拱手送给了魏国，成为魏、蜀、吴三国当中最先灭亡的。这让许多历史学家感到困惑。刘禅君臣的不战而降，是蜀汉史上最后一个不解之谜。回溯蜀汉政权危机存亡之秋，大敌当前，没有人能够提出退敌良策，朝臣们是投降声一片。然而蜀汉一把手刘禅第一个反应是不想投降的，想逃到南方去避避风头。就在刘禅犹犹豫豫的过程中，有职无权的光禄大夫谯周在朝廷上侃侃而谈，竟然把刘禅说得心服口服，最后不战而降了。
那么谯周为什么要极力主张投降曹魏呢？谯周究竟是怎样的一个人？刘禅又为什么要听他的呢？在蜀汉迅速灭亡的背后，究竟有着怎样的深层政治背景？厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩品三国之“无力回天”。
After Liu Bei’s death, Zhuge Liang ruled Shu according to law internally, acting fairly, and governing the Shu state in an orderly manner. However, twenty nine years after his death, a minister, Qiao Zhou, who was in office and not in power, unexpectedly resorted to his eloquent tongue to demote the Kingdom of Shu. So why couldn’t Zhuge Liang withstand Qiao Zhou’s words when he created the great cause of Shu? What kind of mystery is there in this? Please pay attention to “Yi Zhong Tian Pin Three Kingdoms” – unable to return to heaven.
In 263 AD, two months after the Cao and Wei armies sent troops, the Shu Han regime, which had been well managed, was handed over to the State of Wei by Liu Chan, becoming the first of the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu to perish. This has puzzled many historians. The surrender of Liu Chan’s monarchs and ministers without a fight is the last unsolved mystery in the history of Shu Han. Looking back to the autumn of the survival of the regime crisis in the Shu Han Dynasty, no one was able to propose a good strategy for retreating from the current enemy. The courtiers were greeted with a sound of surrender. However, Liu Chan, the leader of Shu Han, first reacted that he did not want to surrender and wanted to flee to the south to avoid the spotlight. In the midst of Liu Chan’s hesitation, Qiao Zhou, a powerful and powerless Guanglu doctor, chatted eloquently at the imperial court, unexpectedly convincing Liu Chan, and finally surrendered without a fight.
So why did Qiao Zhou strongly advocate surrender to Cao Wei? What kind of person is Qiao Zhou? Why did Liu Chan listen to him? What is the deep political background behind the rapid demise of Shu Han? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “The Hundred Lectures”, presenting you with a wonderful tasting of the “powerlessness to return to heaven” of the Three Kingdoms.
易中天：
事实上，曹魏政权一直是把灭孙吴放在第一位的，后来才调整政策来先灭蜀汉。而且，从出兵到蜀汉灭亡，一共只有两个月的时间，迅速灭亡。这是为什么呢？历史上的解释，一般是四个原因：刘禅昏庸，黄皓弄权，陈袛乱政，礁周误国。刘禅就是后主了，不说他了，大家都知道；黄皓是他身边的一个宦官；陈抵是让黄皓得逞的一个人。那么这些事情今天没有时间讲，请大家去看我的《品三国》（下部书），我今天就讲第四个原因：谯周误国。
我们先把事情的情况交待一下。当时，司马昭命邓艾和钟会各率一支军队南下灭蜀。八月份从洛阳出发，十月份邓艾的军队就已经打到了成都的跟前，打到哪儿呢？打到现在四川的广汉，是到成都门口了。消息传来，蜀汉朝廷一片混乱。因为此前，刘禅身边的宦官坏了事。一年前，姜维就已经发现曹魏有灭蜀汉的可能，姜维是给刘禅上了疏的，希望刘禅命令张翼和廖化赶紧在路上设防。这封信送来以后落到黄皓手上，黄皓是个信兔神的，黄皓就去问巫婆，也可能是巫公啊，反正是问这些巫师，说你看这个事情可能不可能哪？这个巫师或者巫公或者巫婆说，哎呀，不可能，不会打来的。黄皓就跟刘禅说不会打来的，这个事我们就扣下吧，就扣下了。但是没想到人家真打过来了，而且呼两个月就过来了，一片恐慌，老百姓都跑到山里面去了，躲起来了。
Yi Zhongtian:
In fact, the Cao Wei regime always put the elimination of Sun Wu first, and only later did it adjust its policies to eliminate Shu Han first. Moreover, from the time of sending troops to the end of Shu Han, there was only two months in total, and it quickly perished. Why is this? Historically, there are generally four reasons for the explanation: Liu Chan’s stupidity, Huang Hao’s abuse of power, Chen Jun’s disorderly administration, and Reef Zhou’s misappropriation of the state. Liu Chan is the queen, not to mention him, as everyone knows; Huang Hao was an eunuch beside him; Chen Di was the one who made Huang Hao succeed. So I don’t have time to talk about these things today. Please read my “Three Kingdoms of Taste” (the next book). Today, I will talk about the fourth reason: Qiao Zhou misunderstood the country.
Let’s explain the situation first. At that time, Sima Zhao ordered Deng Ai and Zhong Hui to each lead an army south to destroy Shu. Starting from Luoyang in August, Deng Ai’s army had already hit Chengdu in October. Where did it go? By the time we reach Guanghan in Sichuan, we have arrived at the gate of Chengdu. When the news came, the Shu Han court was in chaos. Before that, the eunuch around Liu Chan had broken things. A year ago, Jiang Wei had discovered that Cao Wei had the possibility of annihilating Shu Han. Jiang Wei had alienated Liu Chan and hoped that Liu Chan would order Zhang Yi and Liao Hua to quickly set up defenses on the road. After this letter was delivered, it fell to Huang Hao, who believed in the rabbit god. Huang Hao went to ask the witch, or the witch, anyway. He asked these wizards, saying that you think this matter might not be possible? The wizard or wizard or witch said, “Oh, it’s impossible. It won’t come.”. Huang Hao told Liu Chan that he wouldn’t call. Let’s take this matter off and take it off. “But I didn’t expect someone else to call, and within two months, they came over. There was a panic, and the people ran into the mountains and hid.”.
刘禅召开御前会议，说大家看看怎么办呢？两派意见，两派意见都主张跑，但是一派说跑吴国去，一派说跑南中去。吵个没完，刘禅也没主张。这个时候有一位光禄大夫，这个光禄大夫是个荣誉职务，没有权力的，相当于什么国务院参事室的参事之类这样的，叫做谯周。谯周就出来说话了，谯周说跑到吴国是不可以的，为什么呢？道理很简单：“自古以来，无寄他国为天子者也。”就是自从咱们有了皇帝，有没有跑到别人国家去当皇帝的？没有吧，一个皇帝跑到了别人的国家只能称臣。那么既然反正是要称臣，反正是要做小，那为什么不挑个大国家呢？也就说你既然称臣，与其向孙吴称臣，不如向曹魏称臣，你反正是称臣嘛。而且根据政治斗争的规律，从来都是大国兼并小国，所以吴国终究要被魏国吞并，等到那一天，我们难道再跟看吴国去投降第二回？如果说投降是一种耻辱的话，谯周说：“再辱之耻，何与一辱？”就是投降反正是耻辱嘛，那你是耻辱两回合算呢，是耻辱一回合算呢？那还不如耻辱一回投降曹魏嘛，你何必那么麻烦投降两回呢，所以不能奔吴。那么为什么不能去南中呢？谯周说，南中嘛还是可以去的，因为南中还是蜀国的地盘，就是孟获他们那些人的地盘。说那个地方去去也是可以的，但是你要早做准备啊，你这个时候去你来不及了呀，为什么来不及呢？“群小之心，无一可保”，说陛下啊，你以为你现在手下的那些小兵、小卒、小1各、小官、小吏们他们都拥护咱们吗？他们不拥护，他们一听说陛下要往南跑，恐怕陛下还没有抬足，他们先闹起来了。哪里去得了南方？去不了的！结论很简单一一投降曹魏。
谯周这个投降理论一发表，朝廷上面一片安静，谁都不说话。只有个别人出来怯生生地间了一句，说谯大夫啊，不行吧，邓艾都到广汉了啊，他会接受我们的投降吗？“恐不受降，如之何？”人家不让我们投降怎么办？谯周说不会，怎么会不接受我们投降呢，东吴还没有灭亡嘛，曹魏要室我们做个榜样嘛，所以他肯定接受我们的投降，不但接受我们的投降，还有客客气气地对待我们，还要给我们陛下封一块土地、封个爵位。如果他们居然不这样做，诸位放心，我瞧周亲自到洛阳据理力争，凭什么亏待我们这些投降派？谯周把这个话讲完了以后大家都不说话了。
刘禅还犹豫，刘禅总觉得这个投降也不是个事儿啊，我还是跑南边去吧。谯周又跟他说，不行啊，南边是些什么人？是蛮夷嘛，是少数民族，本来就不服我们，那是垂相发兵压下来的，原来他们跟我们就没有什么关系；垂相一去了以后他们跟我们有关系了，每年都要进贡啊、交税啊，它本来就不高兴。你现在跑到那去以后，我们这么多人要生活，不是又要加重收税了吗，你不多收税怎么过日子？你再一加重收税，他们不反了吗？去不得的。
Liu Chan held a pre imperial meeting and asked everyone to take a look. What should we do? There are two schools of opinion, both of which advocate running, but one says running to the State of Wu and the other says running to Nanzhong. The argument continued, and Liu Chan did not advocate. At this time, there was a doctor named Guanglu, who was an honorary position without power, equivalent to something like the counselor of the State Council Counsellor’s Office, called Qiao Zhou. Qiao Zhou came out to speak. Qiao Zhou said it was not allowed to run to the State of Wu. Why? The reason is simple: “Since ancient times, no one has sent another country as the Son of Heaven.” Is it since we had an emperor, have we ever gone to another country to become an emperor? No, an emperor who runs to someone else’s country can only be a courtier. So since it’s about courtship and becoming small anyway, why not choose a big country? That is to say, since you are a minister, it is better to be a minister to Cao Wei than to Sun Wu. You are a minister anyway. According to the law of political struggle, it has always been a big country annexing a small country, so the State of Wu will eventually be annexed by the State of Wei. Until that day, will we follow the State of Wu to surrender for a second time? If surrender is a disgrace, Qiao Zhou said, “What is the shame of another humiliation?” That is, surrender is a disgrace anyway, so do you count it as two rounds of humiliation or one round of humiliation? “It’s better to surrender to Cao Wei once in disgrace. Why bother to surrender twice, so you can’t go to Wu.”. So why can’t we go to Nanzhong? Qiao Zhou said that Nanzhong can still go because it is still the territory of the Shu State, which is the territory of Meng Huo and his people. It’s okay to go to that place, but you need to prepare early. You’re too late to go at this time, why not? “There is no guarantee for the hearts of a group of small people.” Your Majesty, do you think the small soldiers, small pawns, small ones, small officials, and small officials under your command now support us? “They don’t support it. As soon as they hear that Your Majesty is going south, I’m afraid Your Majesty hasn’t raised his feet yet, so they have started to make trouble first.”. Where can I go south? I can’t go! The conclusion is simple: surrender to Cao Wei.
As soon as Qiao Zhou’s surrender theory was published, the court was silent and no one spoke. “Only a few others came out and said timidly, ‘Doctor Qiao, can’t we? Deng Ai has already arrived in Guanghan. Will he accept our surrender?'”? “What if we don’t want to be surrendered?” What if they don’t let us surrender? “Qiao Zhou said no, how could he not accept our surrender? The Eastern Wu Kingdom has not yet perished, and Cao Wei wants us to set an example. Therefore, he must accept our surrender. He not only accepts our surrender, but also treats us politely. He will also grant our Majesty a piece of land and a title.”. If they don’t actually do this, rest assured, everyone. I see that Zhou personally went to Luoyang to argue, why should he treat us capitulators unfairly? After Qiao Zhou finished saying this, everyone stopped talking.
Liu Chan still hesitated. Liu Chan always felt that this surrender was not an issue. I’d better run south. Qiao Zhou said to him again, “No way. Who are those people in the south?”? “The barbarians, the ethnic minorities, have always been disobedient to us. They were sent down by the troops from the vertical, and they have nothing to do with us.”; After Sagittarius left, they had a relationship with us. They had to pay tribute and taxes every year, and he was not happy at all. “After you go there now, with so many of us having to live, aren’t we going to raise taxes again? How can you live without collecting more taxes?”? “If you raise taxes again, won’t they turn around?”? I can’t go.
