刘禅就投降了。所以，可以说，蜀汉之亡就是谯周说亡的。刘禅投降就是谯周说降的。陈寿就说：“刘氏无虞，一邦蒙赖，周之谋也。”这话是正面在说，说刘禅一家平安无事，蜀汉百姓免遭战祸，这都是谯周的深谋远虑啊！谋划得好啊！和平哪！那么这个事情就很麻烦了，后世很多历史学家都是痛骂谯周的，卖国赋，这个蜀汉就是被你卖了。想我们昭烈皇帝，想我们诸葛垂相，千辛万苦，打下了这么个江山，你不烂三寸之舌却把它说没了。有很多人提起谯周是气都不打一处来，小人，贼人。这当然有道理，是吧！这种义愤是可以理解的。
＊在国家命悬一线的时候，作为有职无权的大臣谯周没有退敌良策也就不说了，他竟然在朝廷上大谈起投降曹魏的好处，散布投降理论，引导蜀汉朝臣走向了一条不归路。可以说蜀汉的投降，谯周是很有责任的，因此历史上骂谯周是“误国”和“卑鄙小人”的不绝于耳。那么谯周究竟是怎样的一个人呢？他是小人吗？
谯周是个什么人呢？通儒。什么叫“通儒”啊？就是学问非常大的，把书都读通了的一个大儒，他学问非常之好。当然马上就会有人来反驳，说学问好不等于人品好，对不对？现在学问很大、人品很差的人咱也见多了。问题是我们从《三国志·谯周传》里面我们看不到谯周有什么不良记录，相反我们还看到他很多值得肯定的地方，比方说安贫乐道。谯周家里是非常贫穷的，而谯周本人不置产业，埋头读书，废寝忘食，读古人的书读到会心的地方自己就笑起来了，饭都顾不得吃。安贫乐道嘛，不是要肯定的吗？第二个，谯周对诸葛亮非常敬重。诸葛亮去世的消息传到成都，谯周第一个冲出去就往汉中跑，奔丧。结果谯周冲到汉中以后，刘禅下一道命令，谁都不准奔丧，所以其他人都没有去，就是谯周去吊唁了。英雄惜英雄嘛，既然诸葛亮是君子，不会有一个小人崇拜他，对不对。第三点，敢于直谏。诸葛亮去世以后，刘禅就开始管不住自己了，要修宫殿啊，要增加乐队啊，还要增加那些歌舞伎，歌伎、舞伎啊，还出去游山玩水啊，没人管了嘛。是谯周上疏直谏，说陛下不能这样啊。这难道是小人吗？所以，谯周不是小人，至少没有任何证据证明他是小人。
Liu Chan surrendered. Therefore, it can be said that the death of Shu Han was the death of Qiao Zhou. Qiao Zhou said that Liu Chan surrendered. Chen Shou said, “The Liu family is safe, and the whole nation is under duress. Zhou’s plan is also there.” This is a positive statement. It is Qiao Zhou’s foresight to say that the Liu Chan family is safe, and the people of Shu Han are safe from the scourge of war! Well planned! Peace! “Then this matter is very troublesome. Many historians in later generations have denounced Qiao Zhou for betraying the state, and this Shu Han was sold by you.”. Think of our Emperor Zhaolie, think of our Zhuge Xiangxiang, through countless hardships, and have beaten such a river and mountain. You don’t have a sound tongue, but you have lost it. There are many people who mention Qiao Zhou without being angry, villains and thieves. Of course that makes sense, doesn’t it! This righteous indignation is understandable.
At a time when the country’s life was at stake, as a minister with power and office, Qiao Zhou had no good strategy for retreating from the enemy. He even talked about the benefits of surrendering to Cao Wei in the court, spreading the theory of surrender, and guiding the Shu Han courtiers towards a path of no return. It can be said that Qiao Zhou was very responsible for the surrender of Shu Han, so throughout history, there has been a constant stream of accusations that Qiao Zhou was “a traitor” and “a despicable person.”. So what kind of person is Qiao Zhou? Is he a villain?
Who is Qiao Zhou? Confucianist. What is a “scholar”? A great scholar who is very knowledgeable and has read all the books thoroughly. He is very knowledgeable. Of course, someone will immediately refute that learning is not equal to good character, right? Nowadays, we also see many people with great learning and poor character. The problem is that we can’t see any bad records of Qiao Zhou from the “Three Kingdoms Chronicles: Biography of Qiao Zhou”. On the contrary, we also see many positive aspects of him, such as living in peace and contentment. Qiao Zhou’s family is very poor, and Qiao Zhou himself does not own an estate, buries himself in reading, forgets to eat and sleep. When reading ancient books, he laughs and cannot afford to eat. Isn’t it necessary to be certain that we are content with poverty and contentment? Secondly, Qiao Zhou has great respect for Zhuge Liang. The news of Zhuge Liang’s death spread to Chengdu, and Qiao Zhou was the first to rush out and run to Hanzhong to mourn. As a result, after Qiao Zhou Chong arrived in Hanzhong, Liu Chan issued an order that no one should go to mourning, so none of the others went. It was Qiao Zhou who went to mourn. Heroes cherish heroes. Since Zhuge Liang is a gentleman, no one will worship him, right. Third, dare to speak out. After Zhuge Liang’s death, Liu Chan began to lose control of himself. He needed to build palaces, add bands, add kabuki, kabuki, and go sightseeing. No one cared. It was Emperor Qiao Zhou who spoke out and said that His Majesty cannot do this. Is this a villain? Therefore, Qiao Zhou is not a villain, at least there is no evidence to prove that he is a villain.
＊通过易中天先生的分析可以看出，谯周并不是一个小人，而是一个大儒。那么谯周作为一个以修身、齐家、治国你、平天下为己任的儒家学者，为什么在大敌当前不想想退敌之策，而是带头散布投降理论呢？谯周心里究竟是怎么想的？
因为我们一般的思维就是一个卖国贼肯定是小人，君子怎么会卖国呢。一个不是小人的人，而出卖蜀汉，什么道理？请大家想一想是什么道理？我看只有一个解释，就是这个国，该亡。或者说，在谯周看来这个国该亡，早就该亡了。为什么呢？因为在三国时代，除了国家还有天下，是两个概念。那个时候的国家概念和我们现在国家概念不是一个概念，天下是高于国家的，而天下是必须统一的。如果一个国家被认为阻碍了天下的统一，它就该亡，就该让那个应该统一天下的国来统一。这就是谯周的思想。
那么这样说有证据吗？有，而且我可以告诉大家谯周这个思想的来源在哪里。它从哪里来的呢？从杜琼那里来的。杜琼是什么人呢？杜琼也是益州的大学问家。有一次谯周去问杜琼，说现在大家都说“代汉者，当途高”，什么意思？我先跟大家解释一下什么叫当途高，“当途高”就是正当大路上，很高大，正当大路很高大的是一定要取代大汉的。这是当时一句政治民谣，传了很久很久了，袁术还利用过，但没有利用成。谯周就去问，这个当途高是谁啊？杜琼就说这是魏嘛。谯周还是不明白，说怎么是魏呢？杜琼说你看，书没读好，魏就是阙，阙是什么呢？阙就是皇宫门口的两个高大建筑物，古代的皇宫门口正当着大路，有两个高大的建筑物，它的名字叫做阙，又叫做魏阙，又叫做象魏。你想想看，这个东西不正是正当大路又很高大吗？就是魏啊！谯周看着杜琼。杜琼说你还不明白？谯周说学生真的还是不明白。杜琼说那我再告诉你，你说咱们汉代以前，自古以来这个官府官员有叫做曹的吗？谯周说那没有。那么我们汉代以来我们的官府和官员都叫什么了呢？说那都叫曹了。－－这个地方我也稍微解释一下，汉代的政治制度，皇帝住的地方叫做宫，宰相住的地方叫做府，就是“皇宫相府”。宫下面有很多办事机构，叫什么？叫尚，比方说尚书就是宫廷的尚之一。宰相相府下面有很多办事机构，就像我们的部门，什么部、委、办啊这些东西，叫什么呢？叫曹。这个曹的长官叫什么呢？叫曹椽；下面的一般的官员叫什么呢？叫属曹；这些办事机构部委办下面那些勤务兵叫什么呢？叫侍曹。－－杜琼说你看，还不清楚吗？谯周恍然大悟，哦，当途高就是魏，官府官员就是曹，加起来就是曹魏啊，明白了，统一天下的是曹魏。
Through Mr. Yi Zhongtian’s analysis, it can be seen that Qiao Zhou is not a villain, but a great scholar. So why did Qiao Zhou, as a Confucian scholar whose mission was to cultivate one’s moral integrity, unify one’s family, govern one’s country, and balance the world, not think of a strategy to retreat from the enemy in the face of the enemy, but take the lead in spreading the theory of surrender? What exactly did Qiao Zhou think in his heart?
Because our general thinking is that a traitor must be a villain. How can a gentleman betray his country. What is the reason why a person who is not a villain betrays Shu Han? Please think about it. What is the reason? I think there is only one explanation, that is, this country should die. In other words, in Qiao Zhou’s view, this country should die, and it should have died long ago. Why? Because in the Three Kingdoms era, in addition to the country, there was also the world, which was two concepts. The concept of a country at that time is not the same as our current concept of a country. The world is higher than the country, and the world must be unified. If a country is considered to be impeding the unification of the world, it should perish and let the country that should unify the world unify. This is Qiao Zhou’s thought.
So is there any evidence for that? Yes, and I can tell you where Qiao Zhou’s idea originated. Where did it come from? From Du Qiong. Who is Du Qiong? Du Qiong is also a university scholar in Yizhou. Once, Qiao Zhou went to ask Du Qiong, saying that now everyone says, “Those who represent the Han Dynasty, the road is high.” What does that mean? Let me first explain to you what is called “Dangtu Gao”. “Dangtu Gao” refers to being on the right road, which is very tall. If the road is very tall, it must replace the big man. This is a political ballad of the time that has been circulating for a long time. Yuan Shu also used it, but failed to use it. Qiao Zhou asked, “Who is this Dangtu Gao?”? Du Qiong said this was Wei. Qiao Zhou still doesn’t understand. Why is it Wei? Du Qiong said, “Look, I haven’t read the book well. Wei is the Que. What is the Que?”? “The Que is the two tall buildings at the entrance of the imperial palace. In ancient times, there were two tall buildings on the main road at the entrance of the imperial palace. Its name is called the Que, also known as the Wei Que, and also known as the Elephant Wei.”. Think about it. Isn’t this thing just the right road and very tall? It’s Wei! Qiao Zhou looked at Du Qiong. Du Qiong said you still don’t understand? Qiao Zhou said that the students really still don’t understand. Du Qiong said, “Let me tell you again. Did you say that before the Han Dynasty, this official was called Cao since ancient times?”? Qiao Zhou said that there was none. So what have been the names of our government and officials since the Han Dynasty? It’s called Cao I would also like to explain a bit about this place. The political system of the Han Dynasty was that the place where the emperor lived was called the palace, and the place where the prime minister lived was called the mansion, which is called the “palace and prime minister’s mansion.”. There are many offices under the palace. What are their names? It is called Shang, for example, Shang Shu is one of the Shang in the palace. There are many offices under the Prime Minister’s Office, just like our departments. What departments, commissions, and offices are they called? His name is Cao. What is the name of this Cao’s officer? Called Cao rafter; What is the name of the general official below? Called Cao; What are the names of the following attendants in these offices? Call me Shicao Du Qiong said, “Look, aren’t you clear?”? Qiao Zhou suddenly realized, “Oh, the high road is Wei, the officials are Cao, and together, they are Cao Wei. I understand, the one who unifies the world is Cao Wei.”.
