从此以后谯周也散布这些言论，还而且向前发挥了一步，他到处跟人讲：请大家想一想看，咱们先帝的名字是什么？备。“备”是什么意思呢？具备，具备是什么意思呢？够了。咱们当今圣上的名字是什么呢？禅。“禅”是什么意思呢？禅让，禅让是什么意思？让出去。想想咱们蜀汉皇上都叫什么，一个叫做足够了，一个叫做让出去。后来这个谯周还在宫廷里面还写了一条反动标语，我们就不说它了，差不多的意思。这就是谯周主张投降的原因。也就是说，谯周主张刘禅投降不是道德品质问题，是政治立场问题，就是他的政治立场是站在曹魏那一边的。实际上中国历史上很多问题都是政治问题，不是道德问题。把政治问题解释为道德问题是一种很肤浅的历史观。毫无疑间，谯周、杜琼这些说法叫做牵强附会、强词夺理、装神弄鬼，就像那算命先生测字似的。但是你要知道在中国古代这个时候，他没有我们现代人这么多科学的历史观和发展观，他信这些东西啊。
＊显然，谯周后来要出卖蜀国是早有预谋的，他主张投降已经不是一个道德品质问题，而是一个政治立场问题。但是谯周的投降依据都是一些道听途说和牵强附会的解释，那么谯周这些人为什么要诅咒蜀国灭亡呢？这些装神弄鬼的理论有什么依据吗？
这个蜀汉又怎么得罪了这些人呢？他们为什么要编出这么些段子来诅咒蜀汉政权呢？四个原因。
第一，分利不均。我多次讲过，这个蜀汉政权是由三股政治力量组成的，而且是像鸡尾酒一样的分三个层改的，最上层的是荆州集团，中层的是东州集团，下层的是益州集团。而谯周、杜琼等等这些人，就是散布这些言论的人都是什么人呢？都是益州人，都是益州的土著，是在这个政权当中处于边缘化的、次要化的人。他们对这个政权当然是不满的，他就要散布这些流言蜚语，他就要制造这些舆论嘛。而在这个问题上应该说诸葛亮是做了大量的工作，诸葛亮已经发现了这个问题，所以诸葛亮也在益州人当中寻找那些可用的人。当然诸葛亮有他的选择标淮，就是第一要忠于汉室，第二要克己奉公，第三要确有才能，他也不愿意说为了这个讨好、忽悠这些益州人士就不管什么乱七八糟的他都弄来。但是还是确实提拔了一些，比方说杨洪，犍为人，被诸葛亮任命为蜀郡太守，杨洪手下有一个何袛，也被诸葛亮任命为广汉太守。诸葛亮是尽量地在做这些协调的工作，希望三股力量能够团结起来。但是，第一，他无法从根本上改变刘备留下的既定的组织路线，那就是荆州第一、东州第二、益州第三，这个次序是不能动的；第二，他也不能从根本上消除益州士族、益州土著的思想顾虑。因为益州土著把账算得很清楚，蛋糕就这么大，分的人多了吃到嘴的就少了，这个账太好算了。原来益州这块蛋糕是我们益州人在吃，刘焉来了，带来东州集团，一刀把一块大头切走了，我们不满，希望再有人来帮忙。哎，刘备来了，刘备来了没给我们帮忙，他又切了一大块，这个蛋糕越切越少了。刘璋的时候我们益州人是二等臣民，刘备来了我们变三等臣民了，你说他满不满意吧？他肯定不满意嘛。所以这个时候他巴不得曹魏来解放他们。有人说你这个说法不通啊，曹魏来了他不是变成了四等了吗？这个账怎么算的？搞错了，刘焉、刘备他们进了川以后他不出去了，他就地分蛋糕；曹魏它要得的是天下啊，它不会参与你分蛋糕。事实上蜀汉灭亡以后，司马昭马上下命令，把蜀汉政权当中荆州集团和东州集团的官员全部调往中央，到中央政府去做官，把这个蛋糕让给了益州土著，实行蜀人治蜀。这就是他们盼望的。所以他盼望曹魏，他盼望你蜀汉灭亡。第一点。
From then on, Qiao Zhou also spread these remarks and took a step forward. He told people everywhere, “Please think about it, what is the name of our late emperor?”? Standby. What does “prepare” mean? What does it mean to have? That’s enough. What is the name of the Holy One today? Zen. What does “Zen” mean? What does it mean to abdicate? Get out of here. Think about the names of our Shu Han emperors. One is enough, and the other is letting go. Later, Qiao Zhou also wrote a reactionary slogan inside the palace, so we won’t talk about it anymore. It means something similar. This is why Qiao Zhou advocated surrender. In other words, Qiao Zhou advocated that Liu Chan’s surrender was not a matter of moral character, but a matter of political position, which was on the side of Cao Wei. In fact, many issues in Chinese history are political issues, not moral issues. Interpreting political issues as moral issues is a very superficial view of history. There is no doubt that Qiao Zhou and Du Qiong are called far-fetched, unreasonable, and pretentious, just like the fortune teller who measures words. But you should know that at this time in ancient China, he didn’t have as many scientific views on history and development as we modern people. He believed in these things.
“Obviously, Qiao Zhou’s intention to betray Shu was premeditated. He advocated that surrender was no longer a matter of moral character, but rather a matter of political stance.”. However, Qiao Zhou’s surrender was based on hearsay and farfetched explanations. So why did Qiao Zhou and other people curse the demise of Shu? Is there any basis for these theories of playing tricks?
How did this Shu Han offend these people? Why did they invent such jokes to curse the Shu Han regime? Four reasons.
First, uneven distribution of profits. As I have said many times, the Shu Han regime is composed of three political forces, and it is changed in three layers like a cocktail. The top level is the Jingzhou Group, the middle level is the Dongzhou Group, and the bottom level is the Yizhou Group. Who are the people who spread these remarks, such as Qiao Zhou, Du Qiong, and so on? They are all Yizhou people, all indigenous people of Yizhou, and are marginalized and subordinate people in this regime. Of course, they are dissatisfied with this regime. He will spread these rumors, and he will create these public opinions. On this issue, it should be said that Zhuge Liang has done a lot of work, and he has already discovered this problem. Therefore, Zhuge Liang is also looking for those available among the people of Yizhou. Of course, Zhuge Liang had his choice: first, to be loyal to the Han family, second, to be loyal to oneself and serve the public, and third, to have genuine talent. He also didn’t want to say that for this reason, to please and deceive these people in Yizhou, he would bring in any mess. However, some promotions were indeed made. For example, Yang Hong, a person from Qianwei, was appointed as the governor of Shu Prefecture by Zhuge Liang, and one of Yang Hong’s subordinates, He Jun, was also appointed as the governor of Guanghan by Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang is trying to coordinate these efforts and hopes that the three forces can unite. However, first, he was unable to fundamentally change the established organizational line left by Liu Bei, namely, Jingzhou First, Dongzhou Second, and Yizhou Third. This order cannot be moved; Secondly, he could not fundamentally eliminate the ideological concerns of the Yizhou gentry and the Yizhou natives. “Because the natives of Yizhou have calculated the bill very clearly, the cake is so large that there are fewer people who can eat it. This bill is too easy to calculate.”. It turned out that we Yizhou people were eating this cake in Yizhou. Liu Yan came, brought Dongzhou Group, and cut off the big end with one knife. We were dissatisfied and hoped that someone else would come and help us. Hey, here comes Liu Bei. He didn’t give us any help when he came. He cut another large piece of cake, and the cake became less and less cut. When Liu Zhang was in Yizhou, we were second class subjects. When Liu Bei came, we became third class subjects. Are you satisfied with him? He must not be satisfied. So at this time, he longed for Cao Wei to liberate them. Some people say that your statement doesn’t make sense. Didn’t Cao Wei come and become a fourth class? How did you calculate this account? There was a mistake. After Liu Yan and Liu Bei entered Sichuan, he wouldn’t go out anymore. He divided the cakes on the spot; Cao Wei wants the world, and he won’t participate in your cake sharing. In fact, after the demise of the Shu Han Dynasty, Sima Zhao immediately issued an order to transfer all officials from the Jingzhou Group and the Dongzhou Group in the Shu Han regime to the central government, where they served as officials, ceding this cake to the native people of Yizhou, and implementing the rule of Shu by the Shu people. This is what they hope for. So he hopes for the demise of Cao Wei and Shu Han. The first point.
第二点，治蜀过严。我们知道诸葛亮是依法治国、执法如山，而且令行禁止、执法严明，很严的。所以《蜀记》里面有这样的话，说：“亮刑法峻急，刻剥百姓，自君子小人咸怀怨叹。”就是诸葛亮管这个国家管得太紧了，大家都很抱怨。那么这条史料也有人不承认，因为和陈寿的说法相反，陈寿的说法是什么呢？陈寿说诸葛亮“刑政虽峻，而无怨者”，说诸蕙亮虽然管国家管得很紧，但大家都不抱怨。所以大家就说你到底当时蜀汉的人民是抱怨啊还是不抱怨啊？我说是又抱怨又不抱怨，两条史料都成立。为什么呢？陈寿他后面还有一句话很多人看不见，陈寿是怎么说的呢？“以其用心平而劝戒明也”，什么意思呢？就说诸葛亮执法虽然非常地严峻，还是承认严峻吧，但是大家为什么都不抱怨呢？公平。就是他严起来是对所有的人都严，对自己也严，对自己的人也严，大家没有怨言，公平嘛。但是大家还说，你能不能管松一点儿啊？还是要抱怨的。所以是不抱怨不公平，但抱怨太严峻。
第三个原因，战事太多。所以谯周就曾经写过一篇文章叫做《仇国论》，《仇国论》提出一个什么观点呢？说我们朝廷一定要审时度势，我们要掂量掂量我们能干什么，我们能不能一统天下。谯周说，现在的天下不是秦末的那个情况，而是六国的那个情况，是战国时期，所以我们只可以学着做做周文王，咱做不了汉高祖。他的意思其实就是你要想靠你的武装力量，靠你发动的战争去一统天下你是不可能的。这谯周说你如果一意孤行、穷兵黩武，其结果必定是土崩瓦解，神仙都救你不得。谯周这篇文章是公开向诸葛亮留下的由姜维在执行着的这条路线叫板，公开发表反动言论。但是没有受任何处分，后来还升官了，说明什么？说明这种看法有市场，甚至可能当局当中某些人也觉得心里头是有数的。
第四点，人民甚苦。《三国志·谯周传》在《仇国论》之前有这样一句话，叫做“军旅数出，百姓凋瘁”，就是由于蜀国不停地出兵，所以人民的生活很苦。我们知道打仗是要用钱的，兵马未动、粮草先行，你没有足够的粮饷这个仗是打不成的。那么请问这笔战争费用从哪里出？从天上掉下来吗？从地里冒出来吗？联合国资助吗？没有地方来，你只能盘剥百姓，你只能加重税收，你只能税外收费，没有别的办法。刘禅投降的时候是交了户口的，就是古代投降一个国家必须把户口统计表都交出去，就表示我土地人民都交给你了，投降了嘛。那统计数字是什么样的呢？当时蜀汉人民共有二十八万户、九十四万人、十万零两千军队、四万官吏，这个数字意昧着什么呢？意昧看蜀汉的人民，九个人要养活一个士兵，说的这九个人是男女老少都在内的啊，包括小孩子，七户要供养一个官吏。负担太重了，根本就不堪重负。当然，这里要说明的是，诸葛亮在世的时候，由于他的以身作则，由于他本人品德高尚，蜀汉政权的官员基本廉洁，没有贪污腐败或者少有贪污腐败。但是老百姓的想法，恐怕和他们想得不一样，老百姓关心的不是你诸葛亮一餐是八菜一汤呢还是四菜一汤，这个他不管，他关心的是他能不能吃四菜一汤，或者说他至少要能够吃饱肚子；如果你让他吃不饱肚子，哪怕你自己艰苦朴素，他也还是有意见的。
The second point is to govern Shu too strictly. We know that Zhuge Liang manages the country according to law, enforces the law like a mountain, and enforces strict and strict orders and prohibitions. Therefore, there is a saying in “Shu Ji”, which says, “Liang’s criminal law is harsh and urgent, and he carves out the common people. He sighs bitterly from a gentleman and a villain.” It is Zhuge Liang’s strict control of this country that everyone complains. So some people don’t recognize this historical material because, contrary to Chen Shou’s statement, what is Chen Shou’s statement? Chen Shou said that Zhuge Liang “has a severe criminal policy, but no complaints.” He said that although Zhu Huiliang has strict control over the country, everyone does not complain. So everyone said, did the people of Shu Han complain or didn’t they? “I said both complaining and not complaining, and both historical data are valid.”. Why? Chen Shou has another sentence behind him that many people cannot see. What did Chen Shou say? What does it mean to “admonish the wise with their calm intentions”? Let’s say that although Zhuge Liang’s law enforcement is very severe, let’s admit it, but why don’t everyone complain? Fairness. Even if he is strict, he is strict with everyone, himself, and his own people. Everyone has no complaints, and it is fair. But everyone also said, can you relax a bit? I still have to complain. So it’s not fair to complain, but complaining is too severe.
The third reason is that there are too many wars. So Qiao Zhou once wrote an article called “On Qiu Guo”. What point does “On Qiu Guo” make? It is said that our court must judge the situation and weigh what we can do and whether we can dominate the world. Qiao Zhou said that the current world is not the situation in the late Qin Dynasty, but the situation in the Six Kingdoms, which is the Warring States period. Therefore, we can only learn to be King Wen of Zhou, and we cannot be the Emperor of Han. What he means is that if you want to rely on your armed forces, it is impossible for you to dominate the world by relying on the war you launched. This Qiao Zhou said that if you persist and engage in military aggression, the result must be collapse, and even the immortals cannot save you. This article by Qiao Zhou is a public challenge to Zhuge Liang’s line, which Jiang Wei is carrying out, and publicly makes reactionary remarks. But I didn’t receive any punishment, and I was promoted later. What does that mean? This indicates that there is a market for this view, and even some people in the authorities may feel confident.
Fourth, the people are suffering greatly. In the “Three Kingdoms Annals, Biography of Qiao Zhou”, there was a sentence before the “On the Country of Qiu”, which was called “The army is numbered, and the people are exhausted.” It is because the State of Shu constantly sends troops, so the people’s lives are very difficult. “We know that war requires money, and without the movement of troops and the advance of food and grass, you cannot fight this war without sufficient food and pay.”. So where does this war cost come from? Did it fall from the sky? Emerging from the ground? Is it funded by the United Nations? “There is no place to come, you can only exploit the people, you can only increase taxes, you can only charge extra taxes, and there is no other way.”. When Liu Chan surrendered, he handed in his household registration. That is, in ancient times, when a country surrendered, it had to hand in all its household registration statistics, which means that the people of our land have all given over to you and surrendered. What are the statistics like? At that time, the people of Shu Han had a total of 280000 households, 940000 people, 102000 troops, and 40000 officials. What does this figure mean? In the people of Shu Han, nine people have to support one soldier, including men, women, old and young, including children. Seven households have to support one official. The burden is too heavy to bear. Of course, it should be noted here that during Zhuge Liang’s lifetime, due to his exemplary behavior and his noble moral character, the officials of the Shu Han regime were basically honest, without or with little corruption. “But the people’s thoughts may not be the same as what they think. The people are not concerned about whether Zhuge Liang’s meal is eight dishes and one soup or four dishes and one soup. He doesn’t care, but he is concerned about whether he can eat four dishes and one soup, or at least whether he can have a full stomach.”; “If you make him hungry, even if you work hard and plain, he still has an opinion.”.
