【画外音】正因为沉得住气，所以曹丕称帝，孙权上表称臣，刘备称帝，孙权不为所动，因为孙权知道，以当时孙氏集团的实力和他个人的能力，还做不了皇帝梦，他需要韬光养晦，发展实力，等待时机，但当时魏蜀吴三足鼎立，曹魏对江东是虎视眈眈，蜀汉对江东也是不怀好意，光靠沉得住气，孙权还做不到建号帝王，以图天下。那么除了沉得住气，孙权还做到了什么呢？
第二呢，变得了脸。这个孙权前半生你去看去，不知道变了多少回脸，他和刘备原来是盟军、盟友，亲密无间，还把妹妹嫁给他，嫁了没多久，他就去打人家去了，他和曹操本来是翻了脸的，在赤壁之战的时候，拔出刀来，我与老贼势不两立，后来又重新通婚姻了。他是联刘又袭刘，降曹又背曹，曹操来势汹汹，进攻的时候，他抵抗；赤壁之战以后，曹操攻势锐减，他投降；关羽在襄樊威震华夏，声名大震的时候，他去偷袭；等到刘备兵败夷陵的时候，他派一个使节求和去了。他真像古龙小说里面的那些人，总是在一个意想不到的时候，从一个意想不到的角度，出了意想不到的一招，弄得曹刘两方晕头转向，不知道他要干什么，这是什么呢？这也是懂政治。敌我友，敌我友，谁是敌，曹魏是敌，谁是友，刘备是友，问题在于曹魏这个敌是常常得罪不起的，而刘备这个友他常常又是靠不住的，这个时候怎么办呢？只好洗牌嘛。反正看着你们两家，谁要是这家大起来以后，我就联合那一家，看着曹操这边大起来了，刘备撑不住了，赶快联合刘备，后来刘备拿下了荆州，又拿下了益州，拿下了汉中，看着刘备大起来了，他联合曹操，他反正不让你另外两家，这个度不让你过度，他就像一个砝码，或者像一个秤上的秤砣，他根据情况，他移过来移过去。
而且呢，他还弯得下腰。因为你要变脸，你不可能变得都是凶脸，还要变笑脸有时候，这个时候你就要弯得下腰，比方说像曹魏俯首称臣，这就是弯腰嘛。这个事情很多人都是不以为然的，包括他自己的人，也包括后代的一些评论，都认为孙权，在这个时候向曹丕称臣是失节，应该坚持说我就是大汉的臣子，绝对不向你这个篡汉的曹贼称臣，很多人都是这样批评孙权的，其实这是书呆子的话。比方说有人就说，“取义不辱”这是匹夫都可以做到的事情，比方说伯夷叔齐，多有骨气啊，比方说鲁仲连义不帝秦啊，多有骨气啊，你堂堂一国之君，怎么能这样没有骨气呢？这个话是不懂政治，作为个人，完全可以学习伯夷、叔齐、鲁仲连，你个人行为没关系，你尽管学习他们，你尽管有骨气，你尽管去饿死，我们崇敬你。但是作为一个领导人，他不能这样想问题，他要想天下大事，想长远利益，这一点连诸葛亮都是这样的。孙权称帝，孙权这边派人到蜀汉去，说二帝并尊，这是什么意思呢？就是我们承认你蜀汉皇帝刘禅是皇帝，你们也承认我们孙权是皇帝，一个天下两个皇帝，当然我们都不承认曹魏啊，就不承认他，一个天下两个皇帝，行不行？蜀汉的群臣说那怎么行啊，天无而日，人无二君，这天底下就是一个皇帝，就是我们刘禅，别人都不能是皇帝。诸葛亮说还是承认吧，诸葛亮说我们不能跟东吴翻脸，我们需要它，而且诸葛亮说了非常精彩的八个字，诸葛亮这八个字是“应权通变，弘思远益。”“应权”是什么呢？审时度势，“通变”是什么呢？因时制宜，“弘思”是什么呢？深谋远虑，“远益”是什么呢？考虑国家人民的长远利益，不要为一时一地一刻的面子，去吹自己什么“取义不辱”，诸葛亮说不要为匹夫之愤，所以有诸葛亮这句话垫底，我看那些愤怒的匹夫是可以休息了。
[Voice over] Because of his composure, Cao Pi became emperor, Sun Quan became a minister, Liu Bei became emperor, and Sun Quan remained unmoved. Because Sun Quan knew that with the strength of the Sun family group and his personal abilities at that time, he could not achieve the emperor’s dream, and he needed to hide his strength, develop his strength, and wait for the opportunity. However, at that time, Wei, Shu, and Wu were three powerful forces, and Cao, Wei, and Shu, Han were also hostile to Jiangdong, relying solely on composure, Sun Quan was not yet able to establish himself as an emperor in order to map the world. So what else did Sun Quan accomplish besides remaining calm?
Second, he has changed his face. “In the first half of his life, you went to see this Sun Quan, and I don’t know how many faces he has changed. He and Liu Bei were allies and allies, and they were intimate. They also married their younger sister to him. Not long after they were married, he went to fight someone else. He and Cao Cao had already turned heads. During the Battle of Red Cliff, when they pulled out their swords, I was at odds with the old thief, and later remarried.”. “He allied Liu and attacked Liu, surrendered Cao and carried Cao back. Cao Cao came in a threatening manner, and when attacking, he resisted;”; After the Battle of Chibi, Cao Cao’s offensive decreased sharply, and he surrendered; Guan Yu was in Xiangfan, China, and when his reputation shook, he went to sneak attacks; When Liu Bei defeated Yiling, he sent an envoy to seek peace. He is really like those people in Gu Long’s novels. He always makes unexpected moves at unexpected times and from an unexpected angle, which makes Cao and Liu dizzy and confused. He doesn’t know what he wants to do. What is this? This is also understanding politics. “Enemy and friend, enemy and friend, who is the enemy, Cao Wei is the enemy, who is the friend, and Liu Bei is the friend. The problem is that Cao Wei, the enemy, is often unable to offend, while Liu Bei, the friend, is often unreliable. What should we do at this time?”? I have to shuffle the cards. Anyway, if one of your two families grows up, I will unite with the other one. If Cao Cao grows up, Liu Bei can’t hold on. Hurry up and unite with Liu Bei. Later, Liu Bei took Jingzhou, Yizhou, and Hanzhong. When Liu Bei grows up, he will unite with Cao Cao. He won’t let the other two of you go overboard anyway. He’s like a weight or a weight on a scale, He moved around according to the situation.
Moreover, he was bent down. “Because you want to change your face, you cannot become all ferocious, and sometimes you have to bend down like Cao Wei, who bowed his head to be a minister. This is bending down.”. Many people disapprove of this matter, including his own people, as well as some comments from future generations, who believe that Sun Quan’s courtship to Cao Pi at this time is disrespectful. It should be insisted that I am the vassal of the Han Dynasty, and I will never be courtier to you, the usurper of the Han Dynasty. Many people criticize Sun Quan in this way, but in fact, this is the words of a bookworm. For example, some people say, “Taking justice without disgrace” is something that every man can do. For example, Boyi Shuqi, how much backbone he has, for example, Lu Zhonglian’s righteousness without Emperor Qin, how much backbone he has. How can you, the ruler of a noble country, be so spineless? “I don’t understand politics. As an individual, I can learn from Boyi, Shuqi, and Lu Zhonglian. Your personal behavior doesn’t matter. You can learn from them, you can starve to death, and we respect you.”. However, as a leader, he cannot think about issues in this way. He must think about major events in the world and long-term interests, which is even true of Zhuge Liang. Sun Quan declared himself emperor, and Sun Quan sent people to the Shu Han Dynasty to say that the two emperors were respected together. What does this mean? Even if we admit that Liu Chan, the Emperor of Shu Han, is the emperor, you also admit that Sun Quan is the emperor, and there are two emperors in one world. Of course, we do not recognize Cao Wei, so we do not recognize him. Can there be two emperors in one world? The officials of the Shu Han Dynasty said, “How can we do that? There is no sun in the sky, and there are no two kings in the world. Under the sky, there is an emperor, that is, Liu Chan. No one else can be an emperor.”. Zhuge Liang said, “Let’s admit it.” Zhuge Liang said, ‘We can’t turn our backs on the Eastern Wu Dynasty. We need it.’ And Zhuge Liang said a very wonderful eight words, which are ‘adapting to circumstances and making great contributions to the future.’ “What is’ responding to power ‘?”? Judging by the situation, what is “Tongbian”? According to the times, what is “Hongsi”? With foresight, what is “Yuanyi”? Considering the long-term interests of the country and the people, don’t brag about “taking justice without disgrace” for the sake of instant face. Zhuge Liang said not to be angry with others, so with Zhuge Liang’s words at the bottom, I think those angry people can rest.
【画外音】通过易中天先生的描述，我们勾勒出了孙权的几个特征：“沉得住气”、“变得了脸”、“弯得下腰”。有了这几个特征，我们就能够理解，孙权为什么能够忽悠得了曹丕，过去他能够称呼曹丕为“汉贼”，现在就能弯腰叫“皇上”，我们也能理解孙权，为什么能够在联合刘备的时候又去袭击刘备。这样一看，孙权似乎又是一个小人了，那么孙权有原则、有底线吗？
但是呢，政治虽然需要妥协，但还是要有底线。孙权其实是守住了底线的，比方说曹魏多次要他送儿子去做人质，那他不送，而且呢他还公开表明，我的臣服你是假的，这点非常有意思。他去称臣的时候派了一个使节叫赵咨，赵咨去了以后呢，曹丕就问他了，说你们吴王是个什么样的人啊？赵咨说，聪明仁智雄略之主。曹丕说，有这么好吗？你给我说说，此话怎讲？赵咨说，纳鲁肃于凡品，鲁肃本来是一个很普通的人，他把鲁肃发现了，这叫做“聪”；他发现了吕蒙，从这个行伍当中把吕蒙提拔起来，这叫做“明”；他逮住了于禁，不杀于禁送回来，这叫做“仁”；取荆州兵不血刃，这叫做“智”，聪、明、仁、智，一个字一个字做解释。最后雄略两个字的解释最妙，赵咨说，据三州虎势天下是其雄也，屈身陛下，是其略也。话说的很清楚，我们吴王骨子里面是虎势天下的，现在迫不得已，忽悠忽悠你老人家，屈身一下吧。这叫做什么？这叫做抬得起头，就是他弯得下腰，他也抬得起头，甚至他在弯腰的时候，他的头是抬着的，就是他表示卑屈的时候，他不是这样鞠躬，他是，呵呵，把头抬着的。所以我说他是卑躬不屈膝，屈膝不投降，弃名不弃实，卖艺不卖身。还是这个赵咨，魏文帝曹丕又跟他聊天，魏文帝我们知道，是个有学问的人，他是诗人，他又是理论家，写了《典论》这样的学术著作，那是划时代的，所以他就趁着喝醉酒，就问赵咨，你们吴王也读点书，做点学问吗？赵咨说，我们吴王很喜欢读书，博览群书，不过我们吴王考虑的是天下大事，率领的是百万雄师，所以他读书呢，抓要领，不会一个字一个字抠着去挑什么小毛病的，做什么寻章摘句的那些书呆子的活儿，我们吴王不做。那曹丕说，那你看朕可以伐吴吗？讨伐你们吴国吗？赵咨说，陛下想讨伐当然有陛下的力量，不过我们吴国要防御，也有防御的能力。那曹丕说，那你们害怕我们大魏吗？赵咨说这什么话，长江汉水京城汤池，百万雄师同心同德，我们为什么要怕你们。曹丕想，这问不住啊，最后问他一个问题说，赵咨啊，像你这样的人才在你们那儿到底有多少？跟朕说说。赵咨说，哎呀，比臣聪明百倍的也就是八九十吧，像臣这样的嘛，车载斗量，数都数不清楚。当然了，如果就是这样斗斗嘴皮子，也就是争了个面子，但是由于孙权沉得住气、变得了脸、弯得下腰、抬得起头，终于成功。公元229年，孙权在武昌称帝，武昌就是现在湖北省的鄂州市，不是武汉市的那个武昌，在武昌称帝，改元黄龙，你看他这个年号，那个时候是曹刘两家都要忽悠，也都要变脸的时候，一家取一个字叫做黄武，现在叫黄龙了，意思很清楚，朕鲤鱼已经跳了龙门了，真龙天子了，叫黄龙了。那么大家就会问他为什么这个时候又敢称帝了呢？很简单，这个时候曹丕已经死了，是曹叡了，孙权是不大看得起曹叡的，孙权有一个评价，就是曹操是没有人比得上的，曹丕比曹操已经差得很远了，曹叡比曹丕又差得更远，这个曹叡我们就可以不怕他了，蜀汉这边掌权的是诸葛亮了，诸葛亮是始终主张吴蜀联盟的，非常可靠，不会和我们翻脸。而且呢，内部江东化过程已经基本完成，这个时候，陆逊已经是上游统帅，顾雍已经是当朝丞相，什么事都做完了，这个时候就可以把皇袍翻过来了，不但皇袍可以正穿，而且天下也可以瓜分了。诸葛亮派蜀使到吴国以后，孙权就跟他们商量，说咱现在就把曹魏的地方分了吧，预分，说我们两家预分天下，怎么分呢？豫州、青州、徐州、幽州归我们东吴，兖州、冀州、并州、凉州归你们蜀汉，当中还有个司州，那怎么办呢？咱一家一半，然后把曹魏的地盘也分了，这就是孙权的坐断东南。
[Voice over] Through Mr. Yi Zhongtian’s description, we outline several characteristics of Sun Quan: “calm and calm”, “becoming faceless”, and “bending down.”. With these characteristics, we can understand why Sun Quan was able to fool Cao Pi. In the past, he could call Cao Pi a “Han thief”, but now he can stoop to call him “the emperor.” We can also understand why Sun Quan was able to attack Liu Bei while uniting with Liu Bei. At this point of view, Sun Quan seems to be a villain again. So does Sun Quan have principles and a bottom line?
However, although politics requires compromise, there must be a bottom line. Sun Quan actually kept the bottom line. For example, Cao Wei repeatedly asked him to send his son as a hostage, but he didn’t do so. Moreover, he publicly stated that my submission to you was fake, which is very interesting. “When he went to be a minister, he sent an envoy named Zhao Zi. After Zhao Zi went, Cao Pi asked him, ‘What kind of person are you, King Wu?'”? Zhao Zi said that he is the master of wisdom, benevolence, wisdom, and strategy. Cao Pi said, Is it so good? Tell me, what do you mean by that? Zhao Zi said that Lu Su was recruited from ordinary people. Lu Su was originally a very ordinary person, and he discovered Lu Su, which is called “Cong”; He discovered Lv Meng and promoted him from among the ranks, which is called “Ming”; “He caught Yu Ban and sent him back without killing him, which is called” benevolence “;”; Taking Jingzhou as a weapon without blood, this is called “wisdom”. Cong, Ming, Ren, Zhi are explained word for word. Finally, the explanation of the word “Xiong Lue” is the best. Zhao Zi said that according to the tiger power of Sanzhou, the world is its Xiong, and bending over to His Majesty is its Lue. The words are very clear. We, the King of Wu, have the power of the tiger in our bones. Now we have no choice but to fool you, old man. Let’s bend down. What is this called? This is called raising his head, even when he bends down, he also raises his head. Even when he bends down, his head is held up, even when he shows humility, he does not bow like this. He does, hehe, hold his head up. So I say he is humble and does not bend his knees, bends his knees and does not surrender, abandons fame and does not abandon reality, and does not sell himself as a performer. This is Zhao Zi again. Emperor Wen of Wei, Cao Pi, chatted with him again. As we know, Emperor Wen of Wei is a learned person. He is a poet, and he is also a theorist. He wrote academic works such as “Dianlun”, which is epoch-making. So he took advantage of being drunk and asked Zhao Zi, “Do you Wang Wu also read some books and do some learning?”? Zhao Zi said, “Our King of Wu likes reading and reading extensively, but our King of Wu is thinking about major issues in the world, and he is leading a hundred and thousands of great masters. Therefore, when he reads, he focuses on the main points, and does not pick out any minor defects word for word. We King of Wu do not do the work of bookworms who seek out chapters and sentences.”. “Then Cao Pi said, ‘Do you think I can attack Wu?'”? Is it necessary to crusade against your state of Wu? Zhao Zi said, “Your Majesty certainly has the power to crusade, but we in the State of Wu need to defend and have the ability to defend.”. “Then Cao Pi said, ‘Are you afraid of our Great Wei?'”? What did Zhao Zi say? There are millions of heroes in bathing pool, the capital of the Yangtze River and the Han River. Why should we be afraid of you. Cao Pi thought, “I can’t help it. Finally, I asked him a question and said, Zhao Zi, how many talents like you are there?”? Tell me about it. Zhao Zi said, “Oh, those who are 100 times smarter than me are 80 or 90 times smarter. For people like me, I can’t even count the number of vehicles carrying combat capacity.”. Of course, if we were to fight like this, it would be a fight for face. However, due to Sun Quan’s composure, he became faceless, bent down, and raised his head, and finally succeeded. In 229 AD, Sun Quan became emperor in Wuchang, which is now Ezhou City in Hubei Province, not the Wuchang City in Wuhan City. He became emperor in Wuchang and was renamed Huanglong. You can see his age. At that time, both the Cao and Liu families were about to cheat and change their faces. One family took the word “Huangwu” and now it is called Huanglong. The meaning is very clear. I carp have already jumped into the Longmen, the real dragon, the Son of Heaven, and it is called Huanglong. Then everyone would ask him why he dared to claim the title of emperor again at this time? Quite simply, at this time, Cao Pi was already dead, and it was Cao Rui. Sun Quan did not have much respect for Cao Rui. Sun Quan had a comment that Cao Cao was unmatched, and Cao Pi was far worse than Cao Pi, and Cao Rui was even worse than Cao Pi. We could not be afraid of this Cao Rui. The person in power in Shu Han was Zhuge Liang, who always advocated the alliance between Wu and Shu, and was very reliable and would not turn against us. Moreover, the internal process of Jiangdongization has been basically completed. By this time, Lu Xun has been the commander in chief of the upstream, and Gu Yong has been the prime minister of the current dynasty. Everything has been completed. At this time, the imperial robe can be turned over, not only can it be worn directly, but also the world can be divided up. After Zhuge Liang sent Shu envoys to the State of Wu, Sun Quan discussed with them and said that we should divide the area of Cao Wei now. Pre dividing means that our two families will divide the world in advance. How can we divide it? Yuzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, and Youzhou belong to us in the Eastern Wu Dynasty, while Yanzhou, Jizhou, Bingzhou, and Liangzhou belong to you in the Shu Han Dynasty. Among them, there is also a division state. What should we do? “Half of our family, and then dividing up the territory of Cao Wei, this is Sun Quan’s decision to sit in the southeast.”.
