第二个原因，小国更要图强。在魏、蜀、吴三国当中，蜀是最弱小的，一个弱小的国家要生存，只有奋发图强，你不能坐在家里等着人家来打你，所以《后出师表》，——《后出师表》是不是诸葛亮写的有争论，我们顶多说“疑似”。《后出师表》里面诸葛亮，这个“诸葛亮”要打引号，诸葛亮怎么说呢？“不伐贼，王业亦亡，唯坐待亡，孰与伐之？”。什么意思呢？就是说，我们不去攻打曹魏，也是要亡的，大汉王朝也是要亡的；与其坐在这儿等死，我不如去拼他一下。如果说这个话因为《后出师表》的作者存疑，你不能认定是诸葛亮的意思的话，那么《华阳国志》的八个字，我觉得是可以采信的，就是“以弱为强，犹可自保”，而且王夫之，王夫之大家知道是明末清初的大学问家，在他的《读通鉴论》里面就干脆把诸葛亮北伐的原因锁定为四个字，就是“以攻为守”。而且这个以攻为守包括两个内容，用王夫之的话来说就是“巩固以存”和“待时以进”，就是说，以攻为守的结果是什么呢？一方面，首先我可以守住自己，另一方面，万一在进攻的过程中有个机会呢。机遇只给有准备的人。为了抓住机遇，必须使蜀汉政权时刻保持战争状态。这是第二点，小国更要图强。
第三个原因，理想必须坚持。我一再说过，诸葛亮是个有理想、有抱负的人，作为一个理想主义者，他只要有一丁点机会，都会抓住机会去实现自己的理想，这是理想主义者的共同特点。问题是，诸葛亮的理想没变，而形势变了，就是诸葛亮在《隆中对》里面设计将来“北定中原，兴复汉室，还于旧都”的这样一个条件是什么呢？是刘备集团能够跨有荆、益，就是荆州和益州都在手上；然后两路出兵，一路从荆州出发，一路从益州出发；而且还要有个时机，就是天下有变。这是很科学的，一个很科学的规划。现在这个形势没有了，首先是曹魏非速亡之国，没有“天下有变”这个条件，另外荆州丢了，所以理想没变形势变了，形势变了策略要变，也就是说这个时候他必须继续高举“汉贼不两立”的旗帜，坚持这个政治立场，坚持北伐，坚持讨贼；但是另一方面在具体行动的时候，必须小心翼翼，做到万无一失。
The second reason is that small countries need to be stronger. Among the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu, Shu is the weakest. To survive in a weak country, one must strive to be strong. You cannot sit at home and wait for others to attack you. Therefore, there is a debate about whether “The Later Teacher’s Table”, or “The Later Teacher’s Table”, was written by Zhuge Liang. At most, we can say “suspected.”. In “The Later Graduation of the Teacher”, Zhuge Liang said that the “Zhuge Liang” should be quoted. What did Zhuge Liang say? “If you don’t punish the thieves, the king’s estate will also perish, but you can only sit back and wait for it to perish. Who should be punished?”. What does it mean? In other words, if we do not attack Cao Wei, we will also perish, and the Han Dynasty will also perish; Instead of sitting here waiting to die, I might as well go fight him. If you can’t believe that the meaning of Zhuge Liang is due to the doubts of the author of “The Postgraduate Teacher’s Table”, then the eight words in “The Records of Huayang Country” can be accepted, which are “taking weakness as strength, and still protecting oneself.” Moreover, Wang Fuzhi, as we all know, is a great scholar in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and in his “Reading Comprehensively,” he simply identified the reason for Zhuge Liang’s Northern Expedition as four words, “Taking offense as defense”. Moreover, the concept of “taking offense as defense” includes two elements, namely, in Wang Fuzhi’s words, “consolidating to preserve” and “waiting for time to advance”. That is, what is the result of taking offense as defense? On the one hand, first of all, I can defend myself. On the other hand, what if there is a chance during the attack. Opportunities are only for those who are prepared. In order to seize the opportunity, it is necessary to keep the Shu Han regime in a state of war at all times. This is the second point, and small countries need to be stronger.
The third reason is that ideals must be upheld. “I have repeatedly said that Zhuge Liang is a person with ideals and ambitions. As an idealist, whenever he has any chance, he will seize the opportunity to achieve his own ideals, which is a common characteristic of idealists.”. The question is, Zhuge Liang’s ideal has not changed, but the situation has changed. What is the condition that Zhuge Liang designed in his “Longzhong Dui” for the future “to stabilize the Central Plains in the north, revitalize the Han Dynasty, and return to the old capital”? It is Liu Bei Group that can cross over Jingzhou and Yizhou, and both of them are in their hands; Then send troops in two routes, one from Jingzhou and the other from Yizhou; And there is also a chance that the world will change. This is a very scientific plan. Now the situation is gone, first of all, Cao Wei was not a rapidly perishing country, and there is no condition for “change in the world”. In addition, Jingzhou has been lost, so the ideal has not changed. The situation has changed, and the strategy needs to change. That is to say, at this time, he must continue to hold high the banner of “no separation between Han and thief”, adhere to this political position, adhere to the Northern Expedition, and adhere to the pursuit of thieves; But on the other hand, when taking concrete actions, we must be careful and be foolproof.
你要知道诸葛亮统帅的十万大军是蜀国的命脉所在，是蜀国的命根子啊，我不能孤注一掷把这十万大军投入在战场上，赌它一把，豪赌一把。这种豪赌是土匪干的事情，孔明先生不会干，所以诸葛亮是不能采用魏延的子午谷奇谋的，这个风险太大了。对此，王夫之也有一个结论，王夫之说：“公盖有不得己焉者，特未可一一与魏延辈语也。”就是诸葛亮在做北伐的决策的时候，有很多不得己的地方，有很多难言之隐，这样一些复杂的清况，这样一种复杂的形势是不可以和魏延这些人说清楚的，我不能公开告诉魏。说不清，魏延也听不懂。何况这个时候诸葛亮也需要有魏延这样的坚定的抗曹分子，因为我现在高举的是汉贼不两立、北定中原、还于旧都这样的旗帜，我也有人打先锋啊，有这么个楞头青天天说要灭曹魏不是很好嘛，我干嘛跟他说穿啊。
[画外音]通过以上易中天先生的分析，不难看出，诸葛亮的政治账是把蜀国内部的矛盾转移到战争上，然后靠北伐来振奋蜀国的士气，更重要的是诸葛亮一直对他的政治理想耿耿于怀，不肯罢休，而作为蜀国后期唯一的猛将魏延，很可能就是他死后的北伐继承人，那么诸葛亮为什么在临死之前设有把北伐的接力棒交给魏延呢？
“You should know that the 100000 army under the command of Zhuge Liang is the lifeblood and lifeblood of the Shu State. I cannot gamble on this 100000 army in the battlefield, gamble on it, gamble on it.”. This kind of gambling is done by bandits, and Mr. Kongming cannot do it. Therefore, Zhuge Liang cannot adopt Wei Yan’s Ziwu Valley plot, which is too risky. In response, Wang Fuzhi also had a conclusion. Wang Fuzhi said, “There are those who cannot be helped by the public, and it is not possible to speak to the Wei Yan generation one by one.” That is, when Zhuge Liang made the decision of the Northern Expedition, there were many places where he cannot be helped, and there were many hidden secrets. Such a complex situation cannot be clearly explained to the people of Wei Yan, and I cannot publicly tell Wei. Unable to speak clearly, Wei Yan couldn’t understand either. Moreover, at this time, Zhuge Liang also needs a strong anti Cao element like Wei Yan, because what I am holding high is the banner of the separation of Han and bandits, the northern settlement of the Central Plains, and the return to the old capital. I also have someone to take the lead. It’s not very good to have such a Leng Tou Qing Tian saying that he wants to destroy Cao Wei. Why should I tell him so.
[Voice over] Through the above analysis by Mr. Yi Zhongtian, it is not difficult to see that Zhuge Liang’s political account is to shift the internal contradictions of the Shu State to war, and then rely on the Northern Expedition to boost the morale of the Shu State. More importantly, Zhuge Liang has always cherished his political ideals and refused to give up. As the only powerful general in the late Shu State, Wei Yan, is likely to be his successor to the Northern Expedition after his death, So why did Zhuge Liang hand over the baton of the Northern Expedition to Wei Yan before he died?
那么就剩下最后一个问题了，诸葛亮临终之前，为什么要跟杨仪他们说，这个魏延恐怕是不会听命令的，他要是不听命令你们走你们的，别管他，为什么？现在我想大家应该明白了吧。就因为魏延是个坚定不移的抗曹分子，不但不是反贼，而且是坚决的抗曹分子，诸葛亮料定他不会放弃北伐，他一定还要坚持打下去，而且诸葛亮很了解魏延这个人，这个人自命不凡，自视很高，诸葛亮在世的时候他老觉得不得志，仗没打过瘾，但是诸葛亮威望太高，他没办法。现在诸葛亮去世了，什么杨仪啊，什么姜维啊，什么费祎啊，这些人你还镇得住魏延？魏延听你的？他才不会听呢，只好让他去，没有办法，留不住，挡不住嘛，所以诸葛亮的遗命说的很清楚，“若延或不从命，军便自发”，就是你们走你们的，不管他；没有说魏延如果不听命令，你就杀了他。因为诸葛亮心里很清楚，魏延绝不是反贼，只是没办法而己，因为这个时候最重要的是赶快把大军撤回成都，把蜀汉政权保卫起来，只有保住了蜀汉，将来的什么兴复汉室、还于旧都或许还有一丝希望，你如果连蜀汉都保不住了，你一点希望都没有了。为了顾全大局，这个时候也只好说随魏延去吧，我认为这就是诸葛亮一片良苦用心。他临终时候想到的就是保住蜀汉。
但是诸葛亮去世三十年后，蜀汉还是亡了，而且在魏、蜀、吴三国当中，蜀国是最早灭亡的。那么蜀汉为什么又会最早灭亡呢？请看下集：无力回天
So there’s only one final question left. Before Zhuge Liang died, why did he tell Yang Yi and them that this Wei Yan might not listen to orders? If he doesn’t listen to orders, you go, leave him alone. Why? Now I think everyone should understand. Just because Wei Yan was a steadfast anti Cao element, not only a rebel, but also a resolute anti Cao element, Zhuge Liang predicted that he would not give up the Northern Expedition, and he would definitely insist on fighting. Moreover, Zhuge Liang knew well about Wei Yan, a person with high self-esteem and high self-esteem. When Zhuge Liang was alive, he always felt frustrated and had not had a good fight, but Zhuge Liang’s prestige was too high for him to do anything. Now that Zhuge Liang has passed away, what Yang Yi, what Jiang Wei, and what Fei Yi are you? Can these people still live in Wei Yan? Wei Yan listens to you? “He wouldn’t listen, so he had to let him go. There was no way, he couldn’t keep it, he couldn’t stop it. So Zhuge Liang’s last order made it very clear, ‘If you delay or don’t obey, the army will spontaneously’, that is, you leave you, regardless of him;”; Didn’t say that if Wei Yan didn’t obey orders, you would kill him. Because Zhuge Liang was very clear in his heart that Wei Yan was by no means a traitor, but he could not help it. At this time, the most important thing was to quickly withdraw the army to Chengdu and defend the regime of the Shu Han Dynasty. Only if the Shu Han Dynasty was preserved, there might still be some hope for the future restoration of the Han family and the restoration of the old capital. If you can’t even preserve the Shu Han Dynasty, you have no hope at all. In order to take the overall situation into consideration, at this time, I have to say let Wei Yan go. I think this is Zhuge Liang’s good intentions. His last thought was to save the Shu Han.
However, thirty years after Zhuge Liang’s death, the Shu Han Dynasty still died, and among the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu, the Shu State was the earliest to perish. So why did Shu Han perish the earliest? Please watch the next episode: Unable to Return to Heaven
