第一是自身区别。毕竟这是两个不同的人，他们自身是有区别的，就政治上而言，一个重要的区别是曹操称了公，称了王，诸葛亮没有，曹操的称公、称王就为后来曹丕的篡汉或者代汉打下了基础，因此不管曹丕的称帝是不是曹操的愿望，曹操都有洗刷不干净的这样的一个罪名，曹操到底想不想当皇帝，我还是坚持我的观点，四个字：听天由命。就是他既没有说一定要曹丕当皇帝，也没有说曹丕一定不能当皇帝，他说的是：若天命在吾，吾为周文王矣。如果天命真的在我们曹家，儿子你就当皇帝，如果天命不在我们曹家，你就不要当。但是他牢牢把握一条最高权力得攥在咱曹家手里，我们必须大权独揽，权力一点不放，名分可以马虎一点，但是尽管如此，曹丕还是当了皇帝，曹丕当了皇帝这个篡汉的罪名只好曹操来背，他洗刷不干净，而诸葛亮绝无此嫌疑。那么后代的这些人还是正统思想很重的，他在这上面一定是大做文章，这是第一点。第二点曹操奸诈，诸葛亮坦诚。这也是不可否认的，你看诸葛亮搞过阴谋诡计吗？没有吧，他都堂堂正正地在做事，而正因为他堂堂正正做事，他累啊，所以他特别累。曹操还有很多时间去玩儿，我们看不出诸葛亮有时间去玩儿，太正派了。那么这也让后世的人要把这两个人分开了。但是我这里要交待一下曹操的奸诈后来也是被夸张了的，奸诈是有的，残酷也是有的，没有后人说得那么重，这个有很多历史学家已经做了清理了，有兴趣你们去读历史学家的书。第三点区别呢，就是曹操和诸葛亮都是真实的人。但如果要做一个区分的话，曹操更多的是真，诸葛亮更多的是实。曹操他敢说真话，而诸葛亮做事是很谨慎的，诸葛一生为谨慎，唯一一次被认为不谨慎就是十命可受，所以被人怀疑。而曹操不管，“设使国家无有孤，不知当几人称帝，几人称王”这种话犯大忌讳的，得罪很多人的，别人一般人不敢说的，他就敢说，我们去读曹操的《述志令》你会发现这个人是一个很真实的人，很敢讲真话的人，我这个人是不是啊，出身不好，名声也不好，所以一开始野心也不大，就想做一个好的什么郡守啊、县令之类的，让大家觉得我这个人不是有能力的，但是慢慢的我野心大起来，我现在想做齐桓公、晋文公，他就这么实实在在地说，他真。诸葛亮实，脚踏实地地做事，实实在在地把一件一件事情做好，我们这个民族的文化是更喜欢实的，中国文化当中有一种精神就是知行合一的实践精神，所以我们会更喜欢诸葛亮这样脚踏实地的人，而不喜欢曹操那样说一些犯忌讳话的人，自身区别的第四点呢，是曹操复杂，诸葛亮纯粹。诸葛亮是一个很纯粹的人，他就是一心一意地担负起天下的兴亡，一心一意地辅佐刘备，一心一意地治理好蜀国，全身心都扑在工作上，这样的一种人品是我们民族喜欢的，我们讲要做一个好人的时候，有一条就是一个纯粹的人，一个脱离了低级趣味的人，按照这样一个标准诸葛亮当然是一个值得崇敬的人。我们不太喜欢象曹操这样复杂的人，曹操的性格我讲过，可能是中国历史上最复杂的一个人，田余庆先生总结了四句话，说曹操是什么人呢？叱咤风云的英雄，反抗传统的叛逆，文采**的才士，权诈忌刻的奸臣。权诈忌刻这就是奸，叱咤风云这就是雄，加起来就是奸雄，反抗传统，文采**，再加上我前面说的喜欢说真话，率性地表现出自己的个性和自己的喜怒哀乐这叫可爱，合起来就是可爱的奸雄。这话很多人听不懂啊，奸雄怎么能可爱？听不懂我也没有办法，但是我们实际上我们历史上有很多看起来矛盾的这些词，比方说儒将，儒雅就不会打仗，打仗就是大老粗，怎么会儒雅的？怎么可能有儒将呢？还比如说义盗，做贼那不是义，怎么会是有义盗呢？大家想想有没有义盗，有没有儒将，如果有义盗，有儒将，怎么就不可能有可爱的奸雄？所以曹操是一个可爱的奸雄。诸葛亮则是一个备受推崇，其实却不被真正理解的孤独的人，这是他们自身的区别，也是他们的文学形象和历史形象完全不同的第一个原因。
画外音：曹操和诸葛亮虽然有着自身的区别，但在易中天先生看来他们都展示了真实的自我，都有真性情的流露，因此都应该肯定。比如说曹操的真和诸葛亮的实就完全可以并存，但是在民间形象中这两个人为什么会有天壤之别呢？
The first is its own differences. After all, these are two different people, and they have their own differences. In terms of politics, an important difference is that Cao Cao called himself a Duke and a King, and Zhuge Liang did not. Cao Cao’s call of Duke and King laid the foundation for Cao Pi’s subsequent usurpation or substitution of Han Dynasty. Therefore, regardless of whether Cao Pi’s wish to become Emperor or not, Cao Cao has the crime of not being clean. Cao Cao wants to be an emperor or not, I still insist on my point of view, four words: resigned to fate. “He didn’t say that Cao Pi must be the emperor, nor did he say that Cao Pi must not be the emperor. He said, ‘If my destiny is in me, I will be King Wen of Zhou.'”. “If the destiny is really in our Cao family, you will be the emperor, son. If the destiny is not in our Cao family, you will not be the emperor.”. “However, he firmly grasped a supreme power that must be held in the hands of our Cao family. We must monopolize power, not let go of it, and our reputation can be sloppy. However, despite this, Cao Pi became emperor. Cao Pi became the emperor, and the charge of usurping the Han Dynasty had to be borne by Cao Cao. He could not wash his hands clean, and Zhuge Liang had no such suspicion.”. “Then these people of future generations still have a strong sense of orthodoxy, and they must have made a big fuss about it. This is the first point.”. The second point is that Cao Cao is treacherous and Zhuge Liang is honest. This is also undeniable. Do you see Zhuge Liang engaging in intrigue? No, he’s all doing things honestly, and just because he’s doing things honestly, he’s tired, so he’s particularly tired. “Cao Cao still has a lot of time to play. We can’t see that Zhuge Liang has time to play. It’s too decent.”. So this also makes future generations want to separate these two people. However, I would like to confess that Cao Cao’s treachery was later exaggerated. There are both treachery and cruelty, which are not as important as later generations have said. Many historians have already cleared up this issue, and if you are interested, you can go and read the books of historians. The third difference is that Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang are both real people. But if there is a distinction to be made, Cao Cao is more true, and Zhuge Liang is more real. “Cao Cao dared to tell the truth, while Zhuge Liang was very cautious in his work. Zhuge was cautious all his life, and the only time he was considered careless was when ten lives were worth it, so he was suspected.”. However, Cao Cao doesn’t care. “There is no orphan in setting up a country, and I don’t know how many people will become emperors, and how many will become kings,” which is a taboo and offends many people. If ordinary people dare not say it, he dares to say, ‘Let’s read Cao Cao’s “Shuzhiling,” and you will find that this person is a very real person who dares to tell the truth. Am I a person with a bad background and reputation, so I didn’t have much ambition at first, either, “I just want to be a good sheriff or magistrate, which makes everyone think that I am not capable, but gradually my ambition grows. Now I want to be Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin. He just says so honestly, he is really.”. “Zhuge Liang is practical, down-to-earth, and does things well. Our national culture prefers to be practical, and there is a spirit in Chinese culture that combines knowledge and action. Therefore, we prefer people who are down-to-earth like Zhuge Liang to those who say something taboo like Cao Cao. The fourth difference between us is that Cao Cao is complex and Zhuge Liang is pure.”. Zhuge Liang is a very pure person, who is wholeheartedly responsible for the rise and fall of the world, wholeheartedly assisting Liu Bei, wholeheartedly managing the Kingdom of Shu, and wholeheartedly devoting himself to work. This kind of character is beloved by our nation. When we talk about being a good person, there is one thing: a pure person, a person who is divorced from vulgar tastes, According to such a standard, Zhuge Liang is certainly a person worthy of respect. “We don’t like people as complex as Cao Cao. As I mentioned, Cao Cao’s personality may be the most complex person in Chinese history. Mr. Tian Yuqing summed up four sentences and said, Who is Cao Cao?”? Heroes who dominate the world, rebellious against tradition, talented scholars with high literary talent, and treacherous ministers who are jealous of power and deceit. “The taboo of power and deceit is called treachery, and the powerful and powerful are called heroes. Together, they are treacherous heroes, rebellious against tradition, and literary talent. In addition, as I said earlier, they like to tell the truth, and freely express their own personality and emotions. This is called cute. Together, they are cute treacherous heroes.”. Many people can’t understand this. How can a traitor be cute? “I can’t help it if I don’t understand it, but we actually have many seemingly contradictory words in our history, such as Confucian generals. If you’re refined, you won’t be able to fight. If you’re just a rough person, how can you be refined?”? How could there be a Confucian general? For example, a righteous thief. Being a thief is not righteousness. How can it be a righteous thief? Let’s think about whether there are righteous robbers and Confucian generals. If there are righteous robbers and Confucian generals, how can there be no cute traitors? So Cao Cao is a cute traitor. Zhuge Liang is a highly respected but not truly understood lonely person, which is their own difference and the first reason why their literary and historical images are completely different.
Voice over: Although Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang have their own differences, in Mr. Yi Zhongtian’s opinion, they both display their true selves and reveal their true temperament, so both should be affirmed. For example, the reality of Cao Cao and the reality of Zhuge Liang can completely coexist, but why are there such huge differences between the two people in the folk image?
