第二个原因就是文艺渲染。由于这两个人的历史形象本身就存在着差别，到了后代的文学艺术作品当中，这种差别被放大了。比方说曹操讲：宁我负人，毋人负人。八个字，还不是正史记载，到了《三国演义》里就变成了：宁教我负天下人，不教天下人负人。放大了，本来人家话是有对象的，宁肯我对不起他，不可他对不起我，是一对一的，加上一个天下人，变得普天下人了，放大多少倍？所以他的奸诈和残酷在文学艺术作品当中是被放大了的。另一方面，诸葛亮的智慧在文学艺术作品中也被放大了，什么草船借箭啊，借东风啊，空城计啊，编出多少故事来，因为这一段实际上在史书的记载上是空白啊，那么这样一种做法，作为文学艺术作品来说，它是符合文艺创作规律的，话要讲清楚，文学艺术作品要做什么呢？塑造典型。典型有两种，一种叫科学典型，一种叫艺术典型，科学典型选择的那个东西叫什么呢？叫标本，标本一定是这个物种当中最普通的那一种，一定没有任何特殊性，他才标准，标准的本嘛，标本嘛，比方说你做个臭虫标本，你一定要找个最一般的臭虫那才叫标本，叫科学典型。艺术典型刚好相反，艺术典型一定要把一个人当中某一个性格他把它突出出来，比方说要描写一个人非常吝啬，就吝啬到什么呢？吝啬到偷自己家里的东西，他才成为艺术典型，文学艺术作品他塑造典型那么这两个人他一定要把他典型化，一定要把他们身上某些特点加以渲染、突出，他才有艺术价值。所以说从文学艺术创作的规律来讲，文学家、艺术家这样做是对的，但是我们的观众一定要清楚地知道这是文学形象，不是历史形象，这是两个概念，这两个形象可以并存，但我们要把他分清楚，否则就是一笔糊涂帐，然后你再来讨论问题就没办法讨论。这种文学艺术的渲染除了典型化的这种需要以外，还有没有什么别的需要呢？有，政治需要。这是这两个人文学形象和艺术形象差别那么大的第三个原因，政治需要。什么政治需要？统治阶级需要一位忠臣，人民群众需要一位清官，文人、士大夫需要一位代表，三种人不约而同地选择了诸葛亮。因为我前面讲过了诸葛亮在蜀汉确实是八个字：位极人臣，大权独揽。依照他的能力、地位、声望完全可以做第二个曹操，他完全也可以封个公，称个王，最后把那个虽然不弱智，但是肯定斗不过他的刘禅赶下去，完全可以这样做，但是他没有这样做，这叫做千载难逢的一个忠臣的楷模啊，上哪儿找这么忠诚的人去？而且是一个乱世啊，你想，乱世英雄起四方，和尚摸得我摸不得，谁都可以捞一把的，太难得了，太值得肯定了，太值得大书特书了。所以统治阶级看中了这一点，需要一位忠臣，人民群众需要一位清官，我们中国人啊或者说我们传统社会的中国人有三个梦：第一个梦叫作明君梦，就是希望有个好皇帝，真命天子出来了，天下太平，如果皇帝指望不上了，他就希望有一位清官，就是第二个梦叫做清官梦，皇帝糊涂一点，我头顶上的父母官是个清官，我日子也还好过，如果清官也指望不上了，他还有第三个梦侠客梦，这个时候我就希望有一个侠客出来，半夜三更取那贪官首级，为我们报仇雪恨，为我们平反冤案，如果侠客也指望不上了呢？就只好指望武侠小说了，这就是中国人为什么那么喜欢武侠小说的原因。
The second reason is literary rendering. Due to the inherent differences in the historical images of the two individuals, the differences have been magnified in the literary and artistic works of future generations. For example, Cao Cao said, “It’s better for me to disappoint than for others to disappoint.”. “Eight words, which are not recorded in official history, have become in” The Romance of the Three Kingdoms “: rather teach me to be negative towards the people of the world than teach them to be negative towards the people of the world.”. Enlarged. Originally, someone else’s words had an object, preferring me to apologize to him rather than him. It was one-on-one, and with one person from all over the world, it became a universal servant. How many times did it magnify? Therefore, his treachery and cruelty are magnified in literary and artistic works. On the other hand, Zhuge Liang’s wisdom has also been magnified in literary and artistic works, such as how many stories have been created by borrowing arrows from straw boats, borrowing east winds, and planning empty cities, because this paragraph is actually blank in historical records. Therefore, as a literary and artistic work, this approach is in line with the law of literary and artistic creation. To be clear, what should literary and artistic works do? Create a model. There are two types of stereotypes, one called scientific stereotypes, and the other called artistic stereotypes. What is the name of the thing chosen by scientific stereotypes? “A specimen must be the most common type of this species, and it must not have any particularity. It is the standard, the standard version, and the specimen. For example, if you make a bedbug specimen, you must find the most common bedbug that is called a specimen, which is called a scientific model.”. Artistic stereotypes are the opposite. Artistic stereotypes must highlight a certain personality of a person, such as describing a person as being very stingy. What is it about being stingy? “Being stingy enough to steal things from one’s own family makes him an artistic model. In literary and artistic works, if he creates a model, then these two people must be typified, and certain characteristics of their bodies must be exaggerated and highlighted. Only then can they have artistic value.”. Therefore, from the perspective of the laws of literary and artistic creation, it is right for writers and artists to do so, but our audience must clearly understand that this is a literary image, not a historical image. These are two concepts, and these two images can coexist. However, we must distinguish them clearly, otherwise it will be a muddle, and then you can discuss the issue without being able to discuss it. Is there any other need for this literary and artistic rendering besides the need for typification? Yes, political needs. This is the third reason why the literary and artistic images of the two people are so different: political needs. What political needs? The ruling class needs a loyal minister, the people need a clean official, and the literati and scholar-bureaucrats need a representative. The three types of people unanimously choose Zhuge Liang. Because as I mentioned earlier, Zhuge Liang really had eight characters in the Shu Han Dynasty: being a supreme minister and monopolizing power. According to his ability, position, and reputation, he can be a second Cao Cao, and he can also become a Duke and a King. Finally, he can drive down Liu Chan, who is not mentally retarded but definitely cannot compete with him. He can do this, but he did not do it. This is called a model of a loyal minister once in a thousand years. Where can I find such a loyal person? And it’s a troubled world. You think, heroes rise from all directions in troubled times, and monks can’t even touch them. Anyone can make a profit. It’s too rare, it’s worth affirming, and it’s worth writing about. Therefore, the ruling class takes this point seriously and needs a loyal minister. The people need a clean and upright official. We Chinese, or the Chinese in our traditional society, have three dreams: the first dream is called the Dream of the Ming Emperor, which is to hope for a good emperor, the Son of God has come out, and the world is peaceful. If the emperor cannot count on it, he hopes for a clean and upright official, and the second dream is called the Dream of Clean and upright Officials. The emperor is a bit confused, The parents on my head are a clean official, and I have a good life. If a clean official can’t be counted on anymore, he still has a third dream of being a Xiake. At this time, I hope that a Xiake will come out and take the head of that corrupt official in the middle of the night, avenge our enemies and redress the wrongs for us. What if Xiake can’t be counted on? I have to rely on martial arts novels, which is why Chinese people like martial arts novels so much.
