好了，三个梦：明君梦、清官梦、侠客梦，这清官梦大家又选中了诸葛亮，因为诸葛亮确实廉洁奉公啊，而且执法公平啊，正因为他廉洁奉公、执法公平，所以他去世了以后，蜀国的老百姓都主动来祭祀他，至今崇拜他啊，寄托了我们人民群众这样一个社会理想啊，这是人民群众需要一位清官。第三个文人、士大夫需要一个代表。“士”这个阶层非常特别，它在春秋战国的时候是最低一等的贵族，秦汉以后是最高一等的平民，他们的特点是什么呢？是基本上没有不动产，有的是一身本事，有武艺的叫武士，有文才的叫文士，武士可以给别人做保镖或者刺客，文士可以去给别人做谋臣或者秘书，所以士这个阶层的特点他是一个要参与政治的，只有极个别，极个别真正不愿意参与的那叫隐士，其他的文士也好，武士也好他都要参与现实的社会政治。但是士这个阶层他还有一个特点是什么呢？他是独立的，他没有不动产，他是可以流动的，是所谓人才流动啊，他是可以流动的，因此他是什么？他是毛，毛要附在一张皮上才有作用，皮之不存，毛将焉附，他一定要附在一张皮上，但是他又不肯附在一张皮上，因上附在一张皮上我就没有自尊了，没有尊严了，因此最好是什么呢？最好是皮来找毛，跟毛说你来附在我身上，我说我不去，你来吧，我不去，你来吧，好吧我勉强去，三顾，为什么后世那些人要把三顾夸成那个样子？就是表达了他这样一种政治需求，希望最好天底下的君主都象刘备一样请我三回，对不起，历史上就这一回，而且后世的皇帝不但不来请你，还告诉你，你想来依附吗？先考试，科场考试你知道是个什么样子？进门的时候是要脱光了衣服搜身的，怕你带个什么作弊的东西啊，全部光着身子进去，三国时代还有一位士人是三请才出来，他太羡慕了，三股力量集中在一起就塑造出诸葛亮的文学形象和民间形象了。因此他由人变成了神，那么有人问曹操呢？曹操为什么由人变成了鬼呢？道理也很简单，典型需要，正面典型还需要一反面典型，正反两个方面的典型才能够教育后代嘛，诸葛亮既然做了正面典型，那曹操当然去做反面典型了，活该你，谁要你闯在前面呢？谁要你自己有那么多毛病呢？谁让你被人抓住那么多把柄呢？政治需要。哪个皇帝都不希望自己的宰相学曹操，有那个皇帝喜欢？对不对？哪个做下级的也不喜欢自己的上司一不高兴杀人？谁喜欢？至于文人、士大夫当然不会表扬曹操了，因为曹操是宦官家庭出身的，你要知道宦官和士族是矛盾大大的，东汉末年叫做清流和浊流，根本是不能合流的，蔑视他还来不及呢，政治需要，第三个原因。
画外音：根本前面易中天先生的分析，由于文学渲染和政治需要，所以在民间形象和文学形象中曹操与诸葛亮担当了两个被放大的角色，一个代表着恶，另一个代表着善，曹操不可避免地从英雄变成了奸雄，诸葛亮也从此走上神坛，那么为什么后世的人们愿意接受这样一个并不完全真实的改编呢？是什么原因促成了二人的最终形象呢？
Well, there are three dreams: the dream of the Ming Emperor, the dream of a clean official, and the dream of a chivalrous man. In this dream of a clean official, everyone has chosen Zhuge Liang, because Zhuge Liang is indeed clean and honest in performing his duties, and the law enforcement is fair. It is precisely because he is clean and honest in performing his duties, and the law enforcement is fair. Therefore, after his death, the ordinary people of the Kingdom of Shu have come to offer sacrifices to him, and they still worship him. This is a social ideal entrusted to the people, which is the need for a clean official. The third scholar and scholar-bureaucrat needs a representative. “The class of” scholars “is very special. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, they were the lowest class nobles, and after the Qin and Han Dynasties, they were the highest class civilians. What are their characteristics?”? “There is basically no real estate, and there are some who are skilled in martial arts. Those who are skilled in martial arts are called samurai, while those with literary talent are called scholars. Samurai can work as bodyguards or assassins for others, and scholars can work as advisers or secretaries for others. Therefore, the characteristics of this class of scholars are that they want to participate in politics, and only a very few, very few who are truly unwilling to participate, are called hermits. Other scholars, samurai, and others must participate in real social politics.”. But what is another characteristic of the scholar class? He is independent, he does not have real estate, he can flow, it is the so-called talent flow ah, he can flow, so what is he? “He is hair, and hair only works when it is attached to a skin. If the skin does not exist, what will the hair be attached to? He must be attached to a skin, but he refused to attach to it. Because attaching to a skin would deprive me of self-esteem and dignity, so what is the best thing?”? It’s best for Pi to find Mao and tell Mao that you will come and attach yourself to me. I say I won’t go, you come, I won’t go, you come, okay, I reluctantly go, San Gu. Why do those people in later generations praise San Gu like that? It is to express his political need that the best monarchs in the world, like Liu Bei, invite me three times. I’m sorry, this is the only time in history, and future emperors not only won’t invite you, but also tell you, do you want to come and rely on me? Do you know what an exam is like? When you enter the door, you need to take off your clothes and search yourself, for fear that you might bring something cheating. All of you go in naked. During the Three Kingdoms period, there was a scholar who came out only after three invitations. He was so envious that the three forces combined to create Zhuge Liang’s literary and folk image. So he changed from a human being to a god, so someone asked Cao Cao? Why did Cao Cao change from a person to a ghost? The reason is also very simple. Typical needs, positive and negative needs, and positive and negative models are needed to educate future generations. Since Zhuge Liang has become a positive model, of course Cao Cao has become a negative model. You deserve it. Who wants you to be ahead? Who wants you to have so many problems yourself? Who let you get caught with so many tricks? Political needs. Which emperor doesn’t want his prime minister to learn from Cao Cao? Which emperor likes it? is it? Which subordinate doesn’t like his boss when he’s not happy killing someone? Who likes it? As for literati and scholarly officials, of course, they would not praise Cao Cao, because Cao Cao came from an eunuch family. You should know that there is a great contradiction between eunuchs and aristocratic families. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, it was called “clear current” and “turbid current”, which cannot merge. It is too late to despise him. Political needs are the third reason.
Voice over: Based on the previous analysis by Mr. Yi Zhongtian, due to literary exaggeration and political needs, Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang played two magnified roles in folk and literary images, one representing evil and the other representing good. Cao Cao inevitably turned from a hero to a traitor, and Zhuge Liang also stepped onto the altar. So why would future generations be willing to accept such an adaptation that is not entirely true? What is the reason for their final image?
