画外音：在中国古代历史上恐怕很难找到第二位象诸葛亮这样“鞠躬尽瘁，死而后己”的丞相了。他的政治韬略让他走出茅庐，辅佐刘备，他又顾全大局承认孙权称帝，恪守与东吴修好。刘备去世以后，他又辅佐幼主刘禅以“北定中原，兴复汉室”为己任，实行联吴抗魏战略，并亲自率师数出祁山攻打曹魏。在对内治理上他事无巨细，事必躬亲，然后就在诸葛亮事无巨细，事必躬亲的背后，又留下了一个大权独揽，架空刘禅的说法，因此这一对君臣关系就变得十分微妙。那么诸葛亮是否真的架空了皇帝？他又是否真的大权独揽呢？这也就成了诸葛亮身后的第三个谜团。
第三个，专政之谜。前面我们已经讲过了，诸葛亮这一生第一件辉煌的事情就是出山以后，促成了孙刘联盟，但是赤壁之战以后一直到夷陵之战，我们基本上听不到他的声音，真正的大展宏图是在刘备去世以后，刘备去世以后诸葛亮全面接管了蜀汉政权。按照《三国志》的说法“政事无巨细，咸决于亮”。就是军、政的所有的事情，不管是大事还是小事都要诸葛亮拍板，都是诸葛亮一个说了算，这叫做大权独揽，而且架空皇帝。这在中国古代也是很忌讳的一件事情，因此历史学家对此要作出自己的解释，就觉得非常为难，解释无非是两种：一种是刘禅弱智，但是看过《非常君臣》一集的观众朋友们应该认同我的一个观点，刘禅并不弱智。另一种观点是诸葛亮贪权，但是事实证明他也并不贪权，他没有象曹操一样把自己的相位又传给自己的儿子，怎么解释呢？只能解释为他太负责任，他是不放心，他不放心把这么大的事情交给别人去做，这是一个能力强的人常常会有的心理，一个能力太强了以后，他就不放心别人，所以他到了事必躬亲的程度，他在北伐军中和司马懿对垒的时候，司马懿问蜀国的人说你们丞相最近怎么样啊？蜀的人说我们丞相每天吃东西吃得很少，但是工作做得很多，但凡是打二十军棍以上的都要亲自主持。司马懿说他快死了，这个事情也是有争议的，首先是有人不同意，说这不可能，一个做丞相的，做总司令的人下面打二十棍子他去数，那不等于一个做总经理的发工资的时候到财务科去数钞票吗？那可能吗？还有一种说法，说那如果是可能的话，说明他管理能力不行，完全不符合管理学的这个法则嘛，你管成这个样子，难怪你后继无人吗，什么事都你一个人做了，别人得不到锻炼，得不到成长嘛，那么对于这个问题我是这样看的，我认为这个事是可能的，但不是每个二十军棍都去数，每打二十军棍都去数，那是数不过来的，是什么呢？偶然去一下，为什么要偶然去一下呢？只有这样才能真正建立起他的法制，因为法制的建设有一个很重要的环节就是执法，你立了法你不能执法或者执法不公平，或者执法不严明，你的法制都会流产，你知道他那二十军棍怎么打，全在打人的那个人，他要恨这个人，两棍子就能打死，他想包庇这个人打二百棍他都不疼，这种事情当然我们现在没有证据，但是以今度古想当然耳，想当然那个时候可能也有一点，偶然去看一下，就象微服私访一样，而且自己作为丞相为下面作出一个表率来，一个领导如果是这样子来抓工作的话，下面一般工作就会比较好。所以我觉得呢，这个事情表现出他鞠躬尽瘁的负责精神。鞠躬尽瘁，死而后己这八个字见于《后出师表》，《后出师表》是不是诸葛亮写的学术界有争议，我也不参加这个讨论，但是我的观点是即便《后出师表》不是诸葛亮写的，“鞠躬尽瘁，死而后己”八个字仍然足以代表他的精神，他确实是一个鞠躬尽瘁，死而后己的人，是一个非常负责任的人，这也是他英年早逝的原因之一，实实在在地讲是累死的。所以我希望我们不要在他身上再增加负担，让老人家再累死第二回。
Voice over: In ancient Chinese history, it may be difficult to find a second prime minister like Zhuge Liang who “dedicated himself to his work and died before himself.”. His political strategy allowed him to step out of the rut and assist Liu Bei. He also considered the overall situation and recognized Sun Quan as the emperor, scrupulously adhering to the principle of reconciling with the Eastern Wu Dynasty. After Liu Bei’s death, he assisted Liu Chan, the young master, in carrying out the strategy of uniting the Wu and resisting the Wei with the mission of “stabilizing the Central Plains in the north and reviving the Han family”, and personally led the Qi Mountains to attack the Cao and Wei dynasties. In terms of internal governance, he was meticulous and involved in everything. Then, behind Zhuge Liang’s meticulous and involved in everything, he left behind a statement of monopolizing power and ignoring Liu Chan. Therefore, the relationship between the monarch and his subjects became very delicate. So did Zhuge Liang really defeat the emperor? Is he really in power? This has become the third mystery behind Zhuge Liang.
The third is the mystery of dictatorship. As we have already mentioned, the first brilliant thing in Zhuge Liang’s life was to promote the alliance between Sun and Liu after his ascent from the mountains. However, from the Battle of Chibi to the Battle of Yiling, we basically couldn’t hear his voice. The real grand plan was after Liu Bei’s death, after which Zhuge Liang fully took over the regime of Shu Han. According to the “Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms”, “There is no big or small political matter, and salty matters are determined by brightness.”. Zhuge Liang has to make decisions on all military and political matters, no matter big or small. Zhuge Liang has the sole the final say. This is called monopolizing power and holding the emperor aloft. This is also a taboo in ancient China, so historians find it very difficult to make their own explanation for it. There are only two types of explanations: one is Liu Chan’s mental retardation, but audience friends who have seen the episode of “Extraordinary Kings and Subjects” should agree with one of my views: Liu Chan is not mentally retarded. Another view is that Zhuge Liang is greedy for power, but it turns out that he is not greedy for power either. He did not pass on his aspect to his son like Cao Cao. How can I explain this? It can only be explained that he is too responsible, and he is not at ease. He is not at ease in handing over such a big task to others. This is a common mentality of a person with strong abilities. When a person is too strong, he is not at ease with others. Therefore, he has reached the level of being personally involved in everything. When he confronted Sima Yi during the Northern Expedition, Sima Yi asked the people in the Kingdom of Shu how has your Prime Minister been lately? People in Shu say that our prime minister eats very little every day, but he does a lot of work. Anyone who plays with the twenty army staff or above must personally preside over it. Sima Yi said that he was about to die, and this matter is also controversial. Firstly, some people disagreed and said that it was impossible. A person who was a prime minister and a commander in chief would hit twenty sticks and count them. Isn’t that equivalent to a person who was a general manager going to the finance department to count money when he was paid? Is that possible? There is also a saying that if it is possible, it indicates that his management ability is not good, completely inconsistent with the law of management. If you manage like this, it is no wonder that you have no successors. You do everything by yourself, and others do not get training or growth. So this is my view on this issue. I think it is possible, but not every twenty army staff is counted, and every twenty army staff is counted, That’s uncountable. What is it? Why go by accident? Only in this way can his legal system be truly established, because there is a very important link in the construction of the legal system: law enforcement. If you establish a law, you cannot enforce it, or the law enforcement is unfair, or the law enforcement is not strict, your legal system will miscarry. You know how his twenty army batons fight, and the person who is all fighting people. If he wants to hate this person, he can kill him with two sticks. If he wants to shield this person, he won’t hurt if he hits two hundred sticks, Of course, we don’t have any evidence for this kind of thing now, but we take it for granted in the past. At that time, there might have been a bit of it. Taking a look at it occasionally is like a private visit in a humble robe, and as a prime minister, I set an example for the following. If a leader takes care of his work in this way, the following general work will be better. So I think this matter shows his dedication and responsible spirit. The eight words “dedication, death, and self” can be found in the “Hou Chu Shi Biao”, and there is a controversy in the academic community as to whether “Hou Chu Shi Biao” was written by Zhuge Liang, and I will not participate in this discussion. However, my view is that even if “Hou Chu Shi Biao” was not written by Zhuge Liang, the eight words “dedication, death, and self” still represent his spirit. He is indeed a person who dedication, death, and self, and is a very responsible person, This was also one of the reasons for his premature death, which was literally tiring to death. So I hope we don’t put any more burden on him and let the old man die of fatigue for a second time.
