画外音：在魏、蜀、吴三国中，蜀国是治理得最好的国家，这当然归功于诸葛亮，在内政上诸葛亮厉行法治，使得吏治清明、官吏廉洁。在经济上诸葛亮关心农业生产，重视手工业，促进了坚持四项基本盐、铁、锦业的发展，蜀国的秩序在诸葛亮的手上是井然有序、井井有条。然而在魏、蜀、吴三国中蜀国又是最短命的，仅仅四十多年，蜀汉政权就拱手让给了司马氏，这多少对不起九泉之下的诸葛亮，但问题是为什么诸葛亮一手治理起来的蜀汉会如此短命呢？在蜀国井然有序的环境背后到底还存在什么问题呢？
第四个谜就是治蜀之谜。诸葛亮的治蜀我在前面的节目里面已经讲过很多了，总起来说就是四个字依法治国，因此在他的治理下，蜀国的情况是最好的。陈寿的《三国志》是这样描述的，说在诸葛亮的治理下“吏不容*，人怀自厉，道不拾遗，强不侵弱，风化肃然也。”这是一个描述，而且陈寿作为良史，我觉得这个描述是靠得住的，确实做到了这一点，这也是后代很多人纪念他的原因，因为我们都希望有这样一个很好的社会环境和治安环境，谁都不愿意社会是乱的。所谓“吏不容*”主是官吏当中没有贪官污吏，“人怀自厉”就是每个人都奋发向上，“道不拾遗”这个不要解释了，治安好，“强不侵弱”这个也不要解释，没有人仗着自己的势力大欺负弱小的，估计在他的治理下没有黑社会，“风化肃然”非常干净，那么这个是应该肯定的，而之所以能够做到这一点是由于诸葛亮本人以身作则，在依法治国的过程当中做到了公开、公正、公平，这些精神都是值得我们肯定的，这就是我要说的第四种精神：公正廉明的法治精神。但是这里面有一个问题，就是诸葛亮领导下的蜀国是治理得最好的，却又是三国当中最先灭亡的，这个原因我在前面的节目里面已经讲过了不再重复，这里要补充的是什么呢？说是我还想推敲一下这样一个社会秩序和社会环境是怎样建立起来的？它的背后有没有问题？我的结论是有问题。是什么样的条件下出现的这样的局面呢？不是和平环境，而是战争环境，诸葛亮的政府实际上是一个军政府，他对蜀国的管理除依法治国以外，还长期使蜀国处于战争状态，这个可以联系到他的连年北伐，那个从来就没有成功过的北伐，也不可能成功的那个北伐。他的北伐一方面是为了实现自己的政治理想，兴复汉室，另外一方面是为了镇压国内的反对派，那就是益州本土集团，所以他的国家长期处于战争状态，治安很好，赋税很重，因为你战争要花钱啊，钱从哪里来，天上掉不下来，地上挖不出来，只能从人民那里去拿，最后蜀国的经济靠什么？靠蜀锦的出口来维持，所以这样一个军政府领导下的处于战争状态而做到的风化肃然，而做到的“吏不容*，人怀自厉，道不拾遗，强不侵弱”究竟是好还是不好？大家可以讨论，至少我个人表示不向往，我还是喜欢和平环境，但是不意味着我不尊重这位伟大的政治家，我的看法是我们对于这些历史人物一方面要有历史之同情，想到他当时做这些事情有他不得不这样做的一些原因，去充分地理解他，另外一方面还是要站在现代的立场，站在更高的角度来看待，来判断，而不要一味地盲目崇拜或者盲目批判。实际上诸葛亮这种依法治国和我们今天提倡的依法治国是不能打等号的，所以因此我对于他的精神，我们只能抽象的继承，就是继承他的什么呢？公开、公正、公平，廉洁、以身作则，因为他带头清廉啊。但是结果是他带头过苦日子，全国人民也过苦日子，我自己想想，还是全国人民都过好日子好，宁肯你也过好日子，他这样的一个依法治国和现在的依法治国是不能打待号的，为什么呢？中国古代法家的那个“法”是王法，是自上而下的，是统治阶级统治人民的法，尽管它公平、它公开、它公正，它也是统治，而我们现代国家的法是约法，是人民的约法，是保护人民的，是保障人民幸福的，是让人民过上好日子的，所以这两个法是不同的，虽然这个执法精神是相同的，但是具体的法是不同的，也就是说诸葛亮的依法治国走的是一条中国古代的法家路线，这个路线可以追溯到商鞅，而诸葛亮是欣赏商鞅的，在商鞅变法之后的秦国是什么样的呢？就是全国人民一起很纪律严明地过苦日子，没有个人的自由，所以这一种法治要一分为二的看待，而且由于诸葛亮厉行法治，厉行法家路线，因此他在政治上象极了另一个人，谁？曹操，此言一出，马上就会有人跳起来，诸葛亮象曹操，你敢这么说吗？请看下集《千古**》。
Voice over: Among the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu, Shu is the best governed country. This is certainly due to Zhuge Liang, who enforced the rule of law in his internal affairs, making the administration of officials clear and honest. In terms of economy, Zhuge Liang cared about agricultural production, attached importance to handicraft industry, and promoted the development of adhering to the four basic industries of salt, iron, and brocade. In Zhuge Liang’s hands, the order of Shu was orderly and orderly. However, in the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu, the Shu State was the most short-lived. In just over forty years, the regime of the Shu Han Dynasty was ceded to the Sima family, which was somewhat regrettable to Zhuge Liang under the influence of the Nine Springs. However, the question is why the Shu Han Dynasty ruled by Zhuge Liang alone was so short-lived? What are the problems behind the orderly environment of Shu?
The fourth riddle is the riddle of governing Shu. “I have already talked a lot about Zhuge Liang’s governance of Shu in the previous program. In general, it is just four words to govern the country according to law. Therefore, under his governance, the situation in Shu is the best.”. Chen Shou’s “Records of the Three Kingdoms” describes it this way, saying that under the governance of Zhuge Liang, “officials are not allowed to be corrupt, people are self-reliant, their moral integrity is not lacking, strong does not invade the weak, and their weathering is solemn.” This is a description, and as a good history, Chen Shou believes this description is reliable, and indeed achieves this point. This is also the reason why many future generations commemorate him, because we all hope for such a good social and public security environment, No one wants society to be chaotic. The so-called “official intolerance” mainly refers to the fact that there are no corrupt officials among the officials, and “one cherishes one’s own will to be ruthless” means that everyone is striving to make progress. Don’t explain the fact that “the moral integrity is not found”. Public security is good, and don’t explain the fact that “strong does not invade the weak”. No one relies on their own power to bully the weak and the weak. It is estimated that there is no underworld under his administration, and “decency and sobriety” are very clean, so this should be affirmed, The reason why this can be achieved is that Zhuge Liang himself set an example and achieved openness, fairness, and fairness in the process of governing the country according to law. These spirits are all worthy of our recognition. This is the fourth spirit I would like to say: the spirit of the rule of law, which is fair and honest. However, there is a problem here. The Shu State under the leadership of Zhuge Liang is the best governed, but it is also the first to perish among the three kingdoms. This reason has already been mentioned in the previous program and will not be repeated. What should I add here? I would also like to examine how such a social order and environment were established? Is there a problem behind it? My conclusion is that there is a problem. Under what conditions did this situation arise? It is not a peaceful environment, but a war environment. Zhuge Liang’s government is actually a military government. In addition to ruling the country according to law, his management of the Shu State has also kept the Shu State in a state of war for a long time. This can be linked to his successive northern expeditions, which have never been successful, and which cannot be successful. On the one hand, his Northern Expedition was aimed at realizing his political ideals and reviving the Han family, on the other hand, it was aimed at suppressing the domestic opposition, namely the local group in Yizhou. Therefore, his country has been in a state of war for a long time, with good public security and heavy taxes. Because you need to spend money in the war, where does the money come from, it cannot fall from the sky, it cannot be dug out on the ground, and it can only be taken from the people. Finally, what does the economy of Shu rely on? “Relying on the export of Shu brocade to maintain, is it good or bad for such a military government to achieve a state of war and maintain a sense of decency and solemnity, while achieving the goal of” officials are not allowed to be arrogant, people are self-reliant, moral integrity is not left behind, and strong does not invade the weak “?”? Everyone can discuss that, at least personally, I don’t aspire to a peaceful environment, but that doesn’t mean that I don’t respect this great politician. My view is that we should have historical sympathy for these historical figures on the one hand, consider that there were some reasons why he had to do these things at that time, and fully understand him. On the other hand, we should still stand in a modern position and take a higher perspective, To judge, rather than blindly worship or blindly criticize. In fact, Zhuge Liang’s rule of law and the rule of law we advocate today cannot be equated, so I can only inherit his spirit abstractly, that is, what can we inherit from him? Open, fair, fair, honest, and lead by example, because he takes the lead in being honest. “But the result is that he led the way in leading a difficult life, and the people of the whole country also lead a difficult life. I think for myself, it is better for the people of the whole country to lead a good life, rather than you. A person like him who runs the country according to law and now runs the country according to law cannot be ignored. Why?”? The “law” of ancient Chinese legalists is the law of kings, which is top-down and is the law of the ruling class governing the people. Although it is fair, open, and fair, it is also the law of governance. However, the law of our modern country is the law of the people, the law of the people, the law of protecting the people, the law of safeguarding the people’s happiness, and the law of enabling the people to live a good life. Therefore, the two laws are different, although the spirit of law enforcement is the same, However, the specific laws are different, which means that Zhuge Liang’s rule of law followed a legalist line in ancient China that can be traced back to Shang Yang, and Zhuge Liang admired Shang Yang. What was the state of Qin like after the Shang Yang Reform? “The people of the whole country live a hard life together with strict discipline and no personal freedom, so this kind of rule of law should be viewed in two. Moreover, because Zhuge Liang strictly implements the rule of law and the legalist line, he is like another person in politics, who?”? Cao Cao, as soon as you say this, someone will jump up. Zhuge Liang looks like Cao Cao, dare you say that? Please take a look at the next episode of “Eternal Love”.
