那么郡县制的特点是什么呢？郡县制是邦国制时代的国和家合并了，变成了国家，国家又和天下合并了，因为秦灭六国以后，天下只剩下一个国家了就是秦国，所以秦始皇才说，我不能再称王了，因为只有一个国家了嘛，我要当什么？我当皇帝，我是第一个皇帝，所以叫始皇帝，开始的皇帝，以后叫二世，三世，四世，五世，百世，千世，万万世，他当时是这么打算，所以这个时候是一个天下，一个国家，那么原来的国和家变成了什么呢？就是诸侯的国，大夫的家，它变成什么呢？变成郡和县，这个时候整个政治体制是中央政府、郡、县，就叫做一个天下，一个国家，中央集权，分级管理，这就是帝国制度，因为它是以皇帝为唯一的国家元首的一个制度，所以我们称它为帝国制度。第二点区别政治形态，邦国制的政治形态是什么呢？贵族政治，帝国制的政治形态是什么呢？官僚政治。为什么呢？因为在邦国时代，天子、诸侯、大夫、士都是贵族，治理国家的就是这四个等级的贵族，他们是世袭的，所以是贵族政治，贵族政治的特点是什么呢？是自己管自己的事，天子为什么要管理天下呢？天下是他的。诸侯为什么要管理国呢？国是他的。大夫为什么要管理家呢？家是他的。士管什么呢？士管自己，因为士没有领地，没有不动产，那他管好的是自己，所以士的工作是什么呢？修身，管自己嘛，他修了身以后干什么呢？他去帮助大夫治理他的家叫做齐家，帮助国君治理他的国叫治国，帮助天子去治理他的天下叫平天下。修身齐家治国平天下，修齐治平，它就是从这儿来的，所以这是贵族政治。而且贵族政治因为是自己打理自己的家事、国事、天下事，不领薪水，也不是职业，现在这个家啊、国啊、天下啊，这个概念变了，郡县的长官不再是世袭的了，是中央政府任命的官员，官员是一种职业，是领薪水的，那么这样一种政治呢就是官僚政治，由此才形成了什么官场，官场潜规则、官场作风、官僚主义，它都是因为这个制度变化产生出来的，他们是皇权的职业代理人，官僚是皇权的职业代理人，因为这个时候天下一统了，整个天下只有一个国家了，天子就是皇帝，或者皇帝就是天子，皇帝不能亲自来管这么多地方，这么多事情，他要找代理人，这个代理人就是官僚，叫做官员代理，就是帝国制度的特点是中央集权、官员代理，他是代行皇权的，这是不一样的，这就是贵族政治和官僚政治。贵族世袭，官僚任命，这是第二点区别。
画外音：前面易中天先生为我们讲了邦国制和帝国制的两点区别，邦国的国家制度是封建制，帝国的国家制度是郡县制，邦国的政治形态是贵族政治，帝国的政治形态是官僚政治。那么除了这些区别以外，邦国制和帝国制还有什么区别呢？
So what are the characteristics of the county system? “The system of prefectures and counties is a state system in which the state and family merged and became a state, and the state merged with the world again. After the Qin exterminated the six states, there was only one country left in the world, namely the Qin State. Therefore, the First Emperor of Qin said, ‘I can no longer be king, because there is only one country left. What should I be?'”? When I was the emperor, I was the first emperor, so I was called the first emperor. The first emperor was later called the second, third, fourth, fifth, hundred, thousand, and ten thousand. He was planning to do so at that time, so this time it was a world, a country, and what had become of the original country and family? It is the kingdom of princes and the home of doctors. What will it become? “To become a county or county, the entire political system at this time is the central government, county or county, which is called one country, one country, with centralized power and hierarchical management. This is the imperial system. Because it is a system with the emperor as the sole head of state, we call it the imperial system.”. Second, what is the political form of the state system? What is the political form of aristocratic politics and imperial system? Bureaucratic politics. Why? Because in the era of the state, the emperor, princes, doctors, and scholars were all nobles, and those who governed the country were the nobles of these four levels. They were hereditary, so it was aristocratic politics. What were the characteristics of aristocratic politics? It is oneself who manages his own affairs. Why should the Son of Heaven manage the world? The world is his. Why do princes manage the country? The country is his. Why does a doctor manage a family? Home is his. What do you care about? “A judge governs himself, because a judge has no territory or immovable property, then he is in charge of himself. So what is the job of a judge?”? Cultivate one’s moral character and mind oneself. What will he do after cultivating one’s moral character? “He goes to help the doctor govern his family, which is called the Qi family, to help the monarch govern his country, which is called ruling the country, and to help the Son of Heaven govern his world, which is called leveling the world.”. “Cultivating one’s moral integrity, ruling the country, and leveling the world, and cultivating one’s moral integrity, ruling the country, and leveling the world. It comes from here, so this is aristocratic politics.”. Moreover, aristocratic politics is not a profession because it involves taking care of one’s own family, state, and world affairs without receiving a salary. Now, the concept of “family, country, and world” has changed, and the officials of counties and counties are no longer hereditary. They are officials appointed by the central government. Officials are a profession that receives salaries. What kind of politics is bureaucratic politics, which has resulted in the formation of officialdom, its hidden rules, and its style “Bureaucracy is the result of changes in this system. They are the professional agents of imperial power, and bureaucrats are the professional agents of imperial power. At this time, the world is unified, and there is only one country in the world. The emperor is the emperor, or the emperor is the emperor. The emperor cannot personally manage so many places, and so many things require him to find agents. This agent is the bureaucrat, called official agent.”, The characteristics of the imperial system are centralized power and official agency. He exercises imperial power on behalf of others, which is different. This is aristocratic politics and bureaucratic politics. Aristocratic inheritance, bureaucratic appointment, this is the second difference.
Voice over: Mr. Yi Zhongtian explained to us the two differences between the state system and the imperial system. The state system of the state is feudal, the state system of the empire is county system, the political form of the state is aristocratic politics, and the political form of the empire is bureaucratic politics. In addition to these differences, what are the differences between the state system and the imperial system?
