第三点区别呢是统治阶级的不同。邦国时代的统治阶级是什么呢？领主阶级。帝国时代的统治阶级是什么呢？地主阶级。那么领主和地主有什么不同？领主的特点是有产权、有治权。国是天子封给储侯的，家是诸侯封给大夫的，大夫拥有一个家，就是“采邑”了，这个家就是他的，这个地就是他的，这个地上的人民就是他的子民，他可以统治，他可以治理，他拥有独立主权，所以叫做有产权也有治权，或者说有主权也有政权。地主呢？地主是有产权无治权，到了帝国时代地主这块地是他的，他还可以买卖，当然这个事情是我们中国历史上一直没有说清楚的，中国历史有一个问题，很严重问题就是产权不清，这个土地作为主要的生产资料到底是谁的，一方面说普天之下，莫非王土，它是皇帝的，另外一方面呢，每个地主都有自己一块地还可以买卖，公开买卖、合法买卖，应该叫做产权不清，但是我们姑且算地主是有产权的，因为他可以买卖，但是无治权，他不能说我这块地上的人是我的子民，那不可以的，所以他是有财权无政权，有产权无治权，这是地主和领主的区别。好了，我们知道了邦国时代和统治阶级是领主阶级，帝国时代的统治阶级是地主阶级，那么在帝国时代，从秦灭六国到辛亥革命，那么这样一个漫长的两千多年的时代又被划分为三个时代，哪三个时代呢？秦汉是一个时代，魏晋包括南北朝了，魏晋是一个时代，隋唐也包括隋唐以后是一个时代。这三个时代的统治阶级也是不一样的，是什么呢？秦汉时代的统治阶级是贵族地主阶级，魏晋南北朝的统治阶级是士族地主阶级，隋唐和隋唐以后的统治阶级是庶族地主阶级。为什么秦汉地主阶级是贵族地主呢？因为他是从封建领主，是从贵族政治转化过来的，邦国时代的统治阶级是贵族领主，因此帝国时代的第一个阶段的统治阶级就是贵族地主，他是这样过渡过来的，还带有贵族性，比方说他是一个半领主，半地主的这样一个概念，比方说秦汉那些侯，他也是有领地的，我们去读《三国志》一说就是封多少县，封多少个县给你，你建立一个块地方，你是一个侯，封到县侯，诸葛亮、张飞这些人都是县侯，把一个县封给你，但是你有财权无政权，封一个县给你是什么意思？就是这个县的赋税归你了，这个县有五千户，叫做封五千户，就是五千户的这个赋税归你了，封万户就是一万户的赋税归你了，叫万户侯，但是没有政权，你没有独立的国家主权的，所以叫做半领主半地主。那么隋唐以后的庶族地主是什么样的呢？就是完全没有贵族性了是平民当中的地主，是普通的地主，他只有一块地，甚至没有地，他只有产权，没有任何政权、治权、主权这些都没有。那么隋唐以后为什么它的统治阶级会是庶族地主阶级呢？因为庶族地主阶级最符合帝国制度的要求，帝国制度的要求是什么呢？中央集权、分级管理、官员任命、代理皇权，就是这个帝国制度要求只有一个职位是世袭的就是皇帝，这是和邦国的一个重要区别，邦国是天子、诸侯、大夫、士都是世袭的。帝国时代就是只有皇帝可以世袭，当然包括皇帝封的一些王侯他是有的也是可以世袭的，但是意义不大了，因为他没有政权，其他的官员们哪怕你位至卿相，宰相、大将军，小到一个七品芝麻官都不能世袭，必须严格地任命制，那么这个最严格的任命制是在隋唐以后建立起来的，所以隋唐是庶族地主阶级的时代。
画外音：现在我们知道秦汉是贵族地主阶级时代，隋唐是庶族地主阶级时代，秦汉和隋唐之间的魏晋南北朝是士族地主阶级的时代。那么这三大统治阶级的不同统治方式又集中地表现在哪里呢？
The third difference is that of the ruling class. What was the ruling class in the state era? The lord class. What was the ruling class in the imperial era? landlord class. So what’s the difference between a lord and a landlord? The characteristics of a lord are property rights and governance. “The state is granted to the prince by the Son of Heaven, and the family is granted to the doctor by the princes. The doctor has a family, which is called the” fiefdom “. The family is his, the land is his, and the people on the land are his people. He can rule, he can govern, and he has independent sovereignty. Therefore, it is called having property rights and governance, or having sovereignty and political power.”. What about the landlord? “The landlord has property rights but no governance rights. In the era of the Empire, the landlord’s land was his, and he could still buy and sell it. Of course, this matter has not been clearly stated in Chinese history. There is a serious problem in Chinese history, which is the unclear property rights. Who owns this land as the main means of production? On the one hand, whether it is a royal land or an emperor’s land, on the other hand,”, “Every landlord has his own piece of land that can be bought and sold, either publicly or legally. This should be called unclear property rights. However, let’s consider that the landlord has property rights, because he can buy and sell, but does not have governance power. He cannot say that the people on my land are my people, which cannot be justified. Therefore, he has financial power but does not have political power, and has property rights but does not have governance power. This is the difference between a landlord and a lord.”. Okay, we know that the state state era and the ruling class are the landlord class, while the ruling class in the imperial era is the landlord class. So in the imperial era, from the extermination of the six kingdoms by the Qin Dynasty to the Revolution of 1911, such a long period of over 2000 years can be divided into three eras, which three eras? The Qin and Han dynasties are an era, and the Wei and Jin dynasties include the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Wei and Jin dynasties are an era, and the Sui and Tang dynasties also include an era after the Sui and Tang dynasties. The ruling classes in these three eras are also different. What are they? The ruling class in the Qin and Han dynasties was the aristocratic landlord class, the ruling class in the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties was the aristocratic landlord class, and the ruling class in the Sui, Tang, and later Sui, Tang dynasties was the common landlord class. Why were the landlord classes of the Qin and Han dynasties aristocratic landlords? “Because he was transformed from feudal lords and aristocratic politics, the ruling class in the state era was aristocratic lords, so the ruling class in the first stage of the imperial era was aristocratic landlords. He was also transitioned in this way, with an aristocratic character, such as the concept of being a half lord and half landlord. For example, those marquises in the Qin and Han dynasties also had territories,”, Let’s read the “Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms”, which means how many counties are granted to you, and how many counties are granted to you. You establish a block of land. You are a marquis, and you are granted a county marquis. Zhuge Liang and Zhang Fei are all county marquis, and they grant you a county, but you have financial power and no political power. What does it mean to grant you a county? “The taxes in this county belong to you. There are five thousand households in this county, which is called Feng5000 households, and the taxes in 5000 households belong to you. Feng10000 households, which is called Wanhuhou, belong to you. However, there is no political power, and you do not have independent national sovereignty, so you are called half lord and half landlord.”. So what were the common landlords after the Sui and Tang dynasties? “He has no aristocratic character at all. He is a landlord among the common people, an ordinary landlord. He only has a piece of land, or even no land. He only has property rights, without any political power, governance, or sovereignty.”. After the Sui and Tang dynasties, why would its ruling class be the common landlord class? Because the common landlord class best meets the requirements of the imperial system, what are the requirements of the imperial system? Centralization, hierarchical management, appointment of officials, and proxy for imperial power are the requirements of this imperial system. Only one position that is hereditary is the emperor, which is an important difference from a state, where the emperor, vassal, doctor, and scholar are hereditary. In the imperial era, only the emperor can inherit, including some of the princes granted by the emperor. However, it does not make much sense because he does not have political power. Other officials, even if they are as high as the prime minister, prime minister, general, or even a seven-grade sesame official, cannot inherit, and must strictly implement the appointment system. This most strict appointment system was established after the Sui and Tang dynasties, Therefore, the Sui and Tang dynasties were the era of the common landlord class.
Voice over: Now we know that the Qin and Han dynasties were the era of aristocratic landlord class, the Sui and Tang dynasties were the era of commoner landlord class, and the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties between the Qin and Han dynasties and the Sui and Tang dynasties were the era of aristocratic landlord class. So where are the different ways of governance of these three ruling classes concentrated?
