表面在帝国的人事制度上，因为一个国家要管理它需要有个管理者，需要官员来管理。那么我前面讲了邦国时代它是世袭的，当然到春秋战国的后期，尤其到战国后期已经开始出现非世袭的官员，意味着已经开始要过渡了，过渡时期嘛，在严格的邦国时代，它的卿、大夫都是世袭的。秦汉呢，秦汉开始实行任命制，那么秦汉的这个人事制度是什么呢？叫做察举制。察举，举是什么意思呢？举就是提拔，提拔官员，通过什么样的办法来提拔官员呢或者选拔官员呢？组织考察，所以叫察举，从汉武帝开始由地方官负责在自己的那个管理范围内发现人才向中央报告，我发现一个，我发现一个，进行一些考察，考察有些条件，比方说孝廉、秀才，孝廉就是孝子，是个廉士，品德高尚，是个秀才，学问好，文笔好，有能力，德才兼备，报告给中央，然后中央来任命他做一个官员，叫做察举。那么这个察举制呢它到了东汉末年，它就出了问题了，出了什么问题呢？一些人为了走仕途，开始做政治秀，做道德秀，你不是要孝廉吗，你不是要我道德品质好吗，这个道德品质好它怎么讲呢？这个话，它得有些表现，那么他们就开始表现，比方说有一个人，他的父亲去世了，按照中国传统的丧礼制度他应该守孝三年，一般地说就是披麻戴孝三年就可以了，但是他为了表示他非常地孝，他不住家里了，住到他父亲的墓道里面，因为中国古人这个墓，如果家庭比较富裕的话，他墓是做得是很大的，除了墓以外，前面还有一个墓道，帝边还有一个庐，可以搭一个草棚，在那儿守墓，他住那儿，不回家住，孝，后来被人揭发出来，三年工夫就在那墓道里生俩儿子，那本来这个事也不能做的，不能吃细粮，不能穿绸缎，当然也不能够有生儿子的那个事，揭发出来了，假的。还有一个人，兄弟三个都想当官，老大就把大家叫过来说，我们分家吧，我们弄个假分家，我得一大堆，你们两个得一点点，然后开新闻发布会说我们分家了，老大得了一大堆，大部分，两个弟弟得了一点点，大家就问了，说你们两个弟弟为什么分家的时候分得这么不匀呢，弟弟说：哎呀，兄长嘛，长兄如父嘛，孝悌嘛，我们让，于是这两个弟弟得了美名，让，谦让，礼让，好，品德高尚，推荐他们两个做官，等他们两个做官以后，哥仨又开新闻发布会重新分家，每人三分之一，大家说你这是什么名堂？哥哥说我就是想让弟弟当官，所以我先牺牲我自己的名誉，背一个黑锅，现在我弟弟已经当了官，我们重新分，于是大家又说这个哥哥不错，这哥哥也是好哥哥，道德高尚，为了弟弟的前途宁肯背黑锅了，哥哥也当官，做秀嘛，非常虚伪，所以当时民谣的说法就是举孝廉，父别居，推荐这个人做孝子，他跟爸爸不住在一块儿，不赡养父母，举秀才，不识书，说他这个人有学问，他字都认识，假，这才有后来曹操惟才是举，如何发现人才是个问题，但是这个问题真正得到解决是在隋唐，是从隋以后，通过什么制度来解决呢？科举。“举”我刚才已经解释过了就是选择官吏，“科”是什么呢？设科考试，通过考试的办法来发现人才。
画外音：现在我们知道了秦汉贵族地主阶级时代采取的人事制度是察举，而隋唐庶族地主阶级时代采取的人事制度是科举，在秦汉和隋唐之间就是魏晋南北朝，魏晋南北朝采取的人事制度是什么呢？
那么在这个秦汉的察举和隋唐的科举之间的魏晋是个什么制度呢？荐举。什么叫做荐举呢？就是由朝廷专门设置的九品中正官来负责推荐官员，这个九品中正官干一个什么事呢？把所有的人才分为三六九等，上上，上中，上下，中上，中中，中下，下上，下中，下下，上中下又分上中下，叫做三六九等，叫做九品，说这个人才是上上等的，马上朝廷给个大官做，这个人才是下下等的，给个小吏做，这个叫荐举。这个荐举制度又叫九品官人法，又叫做九品中正制，谁发明的呢？就是曹操旁边的那个谋士叫做陈群的人发明的，然后把这个推荐给曹丕，曹丕接受了开始实行，那么曹丕为什么要实行呢？我前面讲过了就是为了和士族地主阶级做个政治交易，你拥戴我取代东汉，我保证你们士族地主阶级做官的特权。所以魏晋南北朝这个士族地主阶级做统治阶级的时代我们可以说是历史的必然，就是由贵族转化为庶族的时候要经过士族这个中间环节，因为士族他是一半象贵族，一半象庶族，为什么说他象庶族呢？因为他归根结底是平民，他不是贵族，这个象庶族。为什么说象贵族呢？因为他实际上世袭和垄断了仕途，所以从这个角度讲啊，魏晋南北朝这个历史阶段的出现是必然的，何况到了东汉末年，士族地主阶级已经垄断了仕途，这就是占领了上层建筑，已经控制了舆论，这就是掌握了意识形态，已经成为了豪强，这就是把握了经济基础，这个阶级迟早要登上历史舞台，但是三国插进来了，三国是什么？我们前面讲过了，魏、蜀、吴三家建立的都是非士族政权，这我们前面已经交待过了，所以三国是插曲中的插曲，那么我们应该怎样看待这段历史呢？请看下集《历史插曲》。
On the surface, in the personnel system of the empire, because a country needs a manager and officials to manage it. As I mentioned earlier, during the state period, it was hereditary. Of course, by the late Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, especially by the late Warring States Period, the emergence of non hereditary officials meant that a transition had already begun. In the strict state period, its ministers and officials were hereditary. In the Qin and Han dynasties, the appointment system began to be implemented, so what was the personnel system of the Qin and Han dynasties? It’s called the chaju system. “Chaju, what does ju mean?”? For example, to promote officials, what methods are used to promote or select officials? The organization of investigations is therefore called Chaju. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, local officials have been responsible for discovering talents within their own management area and reporting them to the central government. I have found one, and I have found one. I have conducted some investigations and investigated some conditions. For example, filial piety and integrity are filial piety, a scholar with noble moral character, a scholar with good knowledge, good writing style, ability, and integrity, and reported to the central government, Then the central government appoints him as an official, called a censor. So, what about this system of censoring and examination? By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, something had gone wrong with it. What had gone wrong? Some people begin to do political and moral shows in order to pursue their official career. Don’t you want to be filial and honest? Don’t you want me to have a good moral character? What about this good moral character? “If there is something to be said about it, then they will begin to express it. For example, there is a person whose father has passed away. According to the traditional Chinese funeral system, he should observe filial piety for three years, generally speaking, three years of mourning is enough. However, to show that he is very filial, he no longer lives at home and lives in his father’s tomb, because the ancient Chinese tomb, if the family is relatively wealthy,”, His tomb is very large. In addition to the tomb, there is also a cemetery in front of him, and there is also a hut beside the emperor. You can build a straw shed and guard the tomb there. He lives there, but he doesn’t go home. He is filial. Later, it was revealed that he gave birth to two sons in the cemetery within three years. That was not something that could have been done in the past, such as eating fine grain, wearing silk, and of course, not having a son. It was revealed that it was fake. “There is another person, three brothers, who all want to become officials. The boss called everyone over and said, ‘Let’s split up. Let’s make a fake split up. I need a lot of them, and you two need a little bit. Then a press conference was held to say that we split up. The boss got a lot, most of them, and the two younger brothers got a little bit. Everyone asked,’ Why did your two younger brothers split up so unevenly when they split up? ‘The younger brother said,’ Oh, brother, ‘”, “The elder brother is like a father, filial piety, and filial piety. We let him go. So the two younger brothers got a good name, yielding, humble, courteous, good, and noble. We recommended them both to become officials. After the two of them became officials, the three brothers held a press conference to re divide their families, each one third of them. What do you think is your name?”? “My brother said that I just wanted my younger brother to become an official, so I sacrificed my own reputation first and carried a black pot. Now that my younger brother has become an official, we re divided, so everyone said that this elder brother is good, this elder brother is also a good brother, with noble morality, and would rather carry a black pot for his younger brother’s future. My elder brother also became an official, making a show, which is very hypocritical. Therefore, the folk saying at that time was to promote filial piety and honesty, to leave his father’s house, and to recommend this person as a filial son.”, “He doesn’t live with his father, doesn’t support his parents, raises a scholar, doesn’t know books, and says he is a learned person who knows every word. False, that’s why Cao Cao was the only one who raised a talent, and how to discover talent is a problem. However, the real solution to this problem was in the Sui and Tang dynasties, after the Sui, through what system?”? imperial examination. “Ju”, as I explained just now, is to choose officials. What is “Ke”? Set up examinations to discover talents through examinations.
Voice over: Now we know that the personnel system adopted by the aristocratic landlord class in the Qin and Han dynasties was the imperial examination, while the personnel system adopted by the commonwealth landlord class in the Sui and Tang dynasties was the imperial examination. Between the Qin and Han dynasties and the Sui and Tang dynasties, there was the Wei, Jin, and Southern Dynasties. What was the personnel system adopted by the Wei, Jin, and Southern Dynasties?
So what was the system of the Wei and Jin dynasties between the Chaju in the Qin and Han dynasties and the imperial examinations in the Sui and Tang dynasties? Recommendation. What is a recommendation? It is the official of the Nine Ranks set up by the court to recommend officials. What does this official of the Nine Ranks do? Divide all talents into three or six or nine grades, namely, upper, upper, middle, upper, middle, middle, lower, upper, lower, lower, lower, and upper, middle, and lower. These talents are also divided into three or six or nine grades, called nine grades. This talent is said to be of the highest quality. Immediately, the court will appoint a senior official, and this person will be of the lowest quality. This person will be appointed to a junior official, which is called recommendation. This recommendation system is also known as the Nine Rank Official System, or the Nine Rank Middle Rule System. Who invented it? The counselor next to Cao Cao named Chen Qun invented it and recommended it to Cao Pi. Cao Pi accepted it and started implementing it. So why did Cao Pi implement it? As I mentioned earlier, it is to make a political deal with the gentry landlord class. You support me to replace the Eastern Han Dynasty, and I guarantee the privileges of your gentry landlord class as officials. Therefore, in the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, when the gentry landlord class was the ruling class, we can say that it was a historical necessity that the transition from the aristocracy to the commons should go through the intermediate stage of the gentry, because the gentry was half like the aristocracy and half like the commons. Why do we say that he was like the commons? “Because in the final analysis, he is a commoner, not a nobleman, but a commoner.”. Why is it like a nobleman? Because he actually inherited and monopolized the official career, from this perspective, the emergence of this historical stage in the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties was inevitable. Moreover, by the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the gentry landlord class had monopolized the official career, which was to occupy the superstructure and control public opinion. This was to grasp the ideology and become a powerful and powerful person. This was to grasp the economic foundation, and this class would sooner or later embark on the historical stage, But the Three Kingdoms have intervened. What are the Three Kingdoms? As we mentioned earlier, the Wei, Shu, and Wu families established non aristocratic regimes, which we have already explained before. Therefore, the Three Kingdoms are the interludes in the interlude. So how should we view this period of history? Please take a look at the next episode of “Historical Episode”.
