对于这一点，孙策自己本人其实是心里有数的。我们看他临终的时候做的两件事情。第一个是在他的弟弟当中条一个接班人，大家都认为是要挑一个像他的，结果他挑了一个不像他的孙权。而且跟孙权说得很清楚，说这个南征北战、驰骋疆场弟弟，你不如哥哥我；如果说是要得人心、保江东，这个哥哥不如你。就是孙策也知道不能这样杀下去了。第二就是孙策托孤于张昭，而且跟张昭说了这样的话：“若仲谋不任事者，君便自取之。”就是我这个弟弟老二他如果抵挡不住的话，就请先生取而代之。后面还有一句话非常重要，怎么说的呢？这样的话，即便不能成功，“正复不克捷，缓步西归”，缓步西归也没有什么关系。很重要的这样四个字：缓步西归。什么意思？就是说如果孙权在江东立足不了，请张昭先生带领我这个部队回江西去，咱不在江东待了。“缓步西归”那个“归”字是非常重要的，回江西去啊，也就是自己也不认为是江东的，江西才是根据地。所以是势孤。
内忧。《三国志·吴主传》讲到了孙权接班时的那个形势，是什么呢？是边远地区的人民没有臣服，就指的是山越，就是指当时江东还有一些边远地区的少数民族是不服的。江东世族呢？它这个原话叫“天下英豪布在州郡”，实际上意思就是说，江东这些世家大族也是不合作的、不支持的。而一些北方来的流亡的那些士人是持观望态度的。事实上甚至孙权接班以后有个庐江太守叫做李术的他还果然就造反了，他马上宣布不服从孙权的领导，而且专门招降纳叛，谁不服从孙权的领导跑他那儿去他都收留。所以这是内忧。
Sun Ce himself knows this well. Let’s look at two things he did on his deathbed. The first was to find a successor among his younger brothers. Everyone thought it was necessary to choose a successor who was like him, but he chose a successor who was not like his Sun Quan. And I made it very clear to Sun Quan that you are not as good as me as my younger brother, who has traveled extensively and galloped in the battlefield; If it’s to win hearts and protect Jiangdong, this brother is not as good as you. Even Sun Ce knew he couldn’t go on killing like this. The second is that Sun Ce left Zhang Zhao alone and said to Zhang Zhao, “If Zhongmou is not in charge, you will take it yourself.” It’s my younger brother, the second. If he can’t resist it, please ask him to replace him. The following sentence is very important. How do you say it? In this case, even if it cannot be successful, it doesn’t matter that “if the recovery is not successful, go west slowly” or go west slowly. The four important words are “slowly walking west”. what do you mean? That is to say, if Sun Quan cannot stand in Jiangdong, please ask Mr. Zhang Zhao to lead my army back to Jiangxi. We won’t stay in Jiangdong anymore. The word “return” is very important. Go back to Jiangxi, even if you don’t think it’s Jiangdong, which is the base area. So it’s a potential solitary.
Internal worries. “The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: Biography of the Lord Wu” tells about the situation when Sun Quan took over. What was it? “It is the people in remote areas who did not submit, referring to Shanyue, which means that there were still some ethnic minorities in remote areas in Jiangdong who did not submit.”. What about the Jiangdong Aristocratic Clan? Its original name is “the heroes of the world are distributed in the states and counties.” In fact, it means that these aristocratic families in Jiangdong are also uncooperative and unsupported. Some of the exiled scholars from the north took a wait-and-see attitude. In fact, even after Sun Quan took over, there was a governor of the Lujiang River named Li Shu who rebelled. He immediately announced that he would not obey Sun Quan’s leadership, and specifically recruited traitors. Whoever disobeyed Sun Quan’s leadership would run to him and be taken in. So this is an internal worry.
还有外困。当时的情况是什么样的？北方袁绍和曹操正在打官渡之战，这一战不管谁赢谁输，对孙权都不是什么好事，不管谁赢了，下面就要来收拾他孙权了。何况孙权的隔壁还有一个刘表，刘表的大将江夏太守黄祖就紧挨着孙权的地盘，孙坚就是刘表的大将黄祖杀死的。所以孙权接班的时候，他的情况是什么呢？远有强敌，近有世仇，内存忧患，身无寸功。一个十八岁的年轻人，什么功劳都没有立，凭什么做主子？有那么多老将呢。所以孙策去世以后，孙权哭个没完，他没有办法不哭。因为他实际上接手的是一个烫手的山芋，有点像诸葛亮接管蜀汉政权。我讲过诸葛亮接管蜀汉政权的时候，蜀汉的情况是怎么样的呢？刘备建国基础不牢，夷陵战败地动山摇，是不稳定的。这个话同样适用于孙权，我们也可以说这样十六个字：孙氏入吴，基础不牢；老大一死，地动山摇。根本就镇不住。
＊易中天先生的分析让我们明白，十八岁的孙权接过了兄长孙策留下的割据政权，其实也就是坐到了一个火药桶上。稍有不慎，这个火药桶就有可能爆发，孙策之死带来的“地动山摇”就有可能变成“地烈山崩”。那么孙权究竟是如何走出困境，如何渡过这个危机的？谁会在关键时刻助他一臂之力呢？
那么孙权又是如何渡过难关的呢？这就得益于两个人，张昭和周瑜。就在孙权哭个没完、一筹莫展的时候，张昭和周瑜像两根擎天大柱，帮孙权把这片天顶起来了。张昭走到孙权的跟前，对孙权说：孝廉啊，——孙权当时是举了孝廉的，——现在是哭的时候吗？想想看我们现在是一个什么样的情况？我们周围到处都是豺狼，小将军要是哭个没完，那是开门揖盗了。再说了，一个接班人，重要的是继承父兄的事业，把它们发展壮大，而不是婆婆妈妈没完没了得哭，像个匹夫匹妇似的，打起精神来！然后让孙权换上衣服，亲自扶孙权上马，摆开仪仗队，让孙权出去巡视三军，让所有人都知道我们这个集团有新主子了。然后张昭“率群僚立而辅之”，率领所有的手下立孙权为主。这是张昭。那么周瑜呢？周瑜从外地赶回吴县，从此留在孙权旁边帮助他。而且因为当时孙权的职务他不过是一个将军，不是君主，所以当时手下的人还有那些宾客们对于孙权的礼节是比较简慢的，也就是下级对上级的那样一种礼节而已。而周瑜带头行臣子礼，就带头把孙权看作君主，自己做臣子，这样来支持孙权。
There is also external distress. What was the situation like then? Yuan Shao and Cao Cao in the north are fighting the battle of Guandu. No matter who wins or loses this battle, it is not good for Sun Quan. Whoever wins, let’s take care of Sun Quan. Besides, there is also a Liu Biao next door to Sun Quan. Huang Zu, the general of Liu Biao, is close to Sun Quan’s territory. Sun Jian was killed by Huang Zu, the general of Liu Biao. So when Sun Quan took over, what was his situation? There are powerful enemies far away, there are world feuds near, there are worries inside, and there is no merit in one’s body. “An 18 year old young man who has not made any contributions, why should he be the master?”? There are so many veteran generals. So after Sun Ce’s death, Sun Quan cried endlessly, and he couldn’t help but cry. Because what he actually took over was a hot potato, a bit like Zhuge Liang taking over the Shu Han regime. When Zhuge Liang took over the regime of Shu Han, what was the situation like in Shu Han? Liu Bei’s foundation for founding a country was not solid, and the defeat of Yiling was shaken and unstable. The same applies to Sun Quan. We can also say the following 16 words: The foundation of Sun’s entry into Wu was not solid; When the boss dies, the earth shakes. It’s simply not towable.
Mr. Yi Zhongtian’s analysis made it clear that Sun Quan, who was 18 years old, took over the separatist regime left by his brother Sun Ce, and actually sat on a powder keg. If one is slightly careless, this powder barrel may erupt, and the “earth shaking and mountain shaking” caused by Sun Ce’s death may become a “earth burning landslide.”. So how did Sun Quan get out of the dilemma and overcome this crisis? Who will give him a hand at the crucial moment?
So how did Sun Quan tide over the difficulties? This benefits from two people, Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu. Just as Sun Quan was crying and helpless, Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu, like two giant pillars, helped Sun Quan lift this piece of sky. Zhang Zhao walked up to Sun Quan and said to Sun Quan, “Xiao Lian, ah – Sun Quan raised Xiao Lian then, – is it time to cry?”? Think about what kind of situation we are in now? There are jackals everywhere around us. If the little general cries endlessly, it’s opening the door to thieves. Besides, the important thing for a successor is to inherit the careers of his father and brother and develop them, instead of being a mother-in-law who cries endlessly and acts like a woman, cheering up! Then let Sun Quan change his clothes, personally help Sun Quan mount his horse, set up a guard of honor, and let Sun Quan go out to inspect the three armies, so that everyone knows that our group has a new leader. Then Zhang Zhao “led his colleagues to establish and assist them,” and led all his subordinates to establish Sun Quan as the main force. This is Zhang Zhao. What about Zhou Yu? Zhou Yu rushed back to Wu County from outside and stayed beside Sun Quan to help him. Moreover, because Sun Quan was only a general, not a monarch, in his position at that time, the etiquette of his subordinates and guests towards Sun Quan was relatively simple, which was just the same as that of his subordinates towards their superiors. When Zhou Yu took the lead in performing the courtesy of a vassal, he took the lead in treating Sun Quan as a monarch and acting as a vassal himself, thus supporting Sun Quan.
