在诸葛亮26岁出山时，他面前有三条道路可供选择：一是选择势力强大的曹操，二是选择雄据一方的孙权，三是选择拥兵自保的刘表。此时的刘备正寄人篱下、一筹莫展，似乎很难会在诸葛亮的选择之列，然而事实上，诸葛亮却偏偏选择了无立足之地的刘备。那么诸葛亮为什么不投效曹操和孙权，而惟独看重刘备呢？敬请关注《易中天品三国》之——慧眼所见。
When Zhuge Liang emerged from the mountains at the age of 26, he had three options ahead of him: one was to choose the powerful Cao Cao, the other was to choose Sun Quan, who ruled the country, and the third was to choose Liu Biao, who supported the army and protected himself. At this time, Liu Bei was at a loss, and it seemed difficult to be among Zhuge Liang’s choices. However, in fact, Zhuge Liang chose Liu Bei, who had no foothold. So why didn’t Zhuge Liang join Cao Cao and Sun Quan and only value Liu Bei? Please pay attention to “Yi Zhong Tian Pin Three Kingdoms” – what the wise eye sees.
诸葛亮是我国古代最受世人赞誉，也最具传奇色彩的重要历史人物，他几乎是中国人理想中的“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”的完美偶像。建安十二年，二十六的诸葛亮结束了他多年的隐居生活，走出了山林。正如刘备是一个谜，诸葛亮也是一个谜。他似乎是上天专为刘备准备的人才，他也似乎一直在等待刘备的召唤，在众多的可供投靠报效的人群之中，诸葛亮毫不犹豫地选择了刘备，这是古往今来很多人不能理解的一个问题。诸葛亮为什么会对刘备情有独钟？他在刘备身上究竟看到了什么？诸葛亮究竟是一个什么样的人？厦门大学易中天教授做客《百家讲坛》，为您精彩讲述诸葛亮出山的前前后后，《易中天品三国》之“慧眼所见”正在播出，敬请关注！
Zhuge Liang is the most acclaimed and legendary important historical figure in ancient China. He is almost the perfect idol of the Chinese ideal of “cultivating one’s moral integrity, ruling the family, ruling the country, and leveling the world.”. In the 12th year of Jian’an, Zhuge Liang, 26, ended his years of seclusion and walked out of the mountains and forests. Just as Liu Bei is a riddle, so is Zhuge Liang. He seems to be a talented person specially prepared by heaven for Liu Bei, and he also seems to have been waiting for Liu Bei’s call. Among the numerous people who can turn to him for help, Zhuge Liang did not hesitate to choose Liu Bei, which has been a problem that many people have not understood through the ages. Why did Zhuge Liang have a special liking for Liu Bei? What did he see on Liu Bei? What kind of person is Zhuge Liang? Professor Yi Zhongtian from Xiamen University is a guest at “Hundred Lectures” to tell you a wonderful story about Zhuge Liang’s rise and fall. The “Vision” of “Yi Zhongtian Pins the Three Kingdoms” is on the air. Please pay attention!
易中天：
我们这一集要解决的一个问题就是，在当时众多的英雄人物当中，诸葛亮为什么一眼就看中了刘备呢？这个我们就要稍微地讲一下诸葛亮是一个什么样的人，尤其是他的青年时代是怎样的。从陈寿的《三国志》那里我们得知，诸葛亮是一个少年天才，陈寿的《三国志》对诸葛亮有这样一个描述，陈寿在写《三国志》之前为诸葛亮编了一个文集，他把诸葛亮的文集上交给皇帝的时候写了一篇表文叫做《上诸葛亮集表》，在这个表文里面陈寿是这样描述诸葛亮的：
“亮少有逸群之才，英霸之器，身长八尺，容貌甚伟，时人异焉。”
Yi Zhongtian:
One of the questions we need to solve in this episode is, among the many heroes of the time, why did Zhuge Liang take a fancy to Liu Bei at a glance? Let’s talk a little bit about what kind of person Zhuge Liang was, especially in his youth. From Chen Shou’s “Records of the Three Kingdoms”, we learned that Zhuge Liang was a young genius. Chen Shou’s “Records of the Three Kingdoms” described Zhuge Liang as follows. Before writing the “Records of the Three Kingdoms”, Chen Shou compiled a collection of essays for Zhuge Liang. When he handed Zhuge Liang’s collection of essays to the emperor, he wrote a table called “Shangzhuge Liang Collection Table”, in which Chen Shou described Zhuge Liang as follows:
“Liang rarely has a talented person, a tool of British hegemony. He is eight feet long and has a magnificent appearance. People at that time are different.”
诸葛亮是一个少年天才，也是一个帅哥，身高一米八四而且容貌甚伟，不仅仅是个子高，当时人都觉得他很特别。他的身世我们知道的不多，只知道他是一个孤儿，从小跟着叔父诸葛玄生长成人，诸葛玄来到荆州以后诸葛亮也来到了荆州，住在隆中。诸葛亮到了隆中以后过的是一个耕读生活，所谓耕读生活就是一边种地、一边读书，后来诸葛亮在自己的《出师表》里面是这样描述的：
“臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。”
Zhuge Liang was a young genius and a handsome man, with a height of 1.84 meters and a magnificent appearance. Not only was he tall, but people at that time thought he was very special. We don’t know much about his background, except that he was an orphan who grew up with his uncle Zhuge Xuan. After Zhuge Xuan came to Jingzhou, Zhuge Liang also came to Jingzhou and lived in Longzhong. After Zhuge Liang arrived in Longzhong, he lived a farming and reading life. The so-called farming and reading life is to cultivate land while reading. Later, Zhuge Liang described it in his “Graduation Table” as follows:
“I am based in cloth clothes, working hard in Nanyang, sparing no effort to survive in troubled times, and reaching out to the princes without seeking knowledge.”
那么这句话，苟全性命、不求闻达恐怕是有点套话的意思，那你不求闻达你最后出山干什么呢？“躬耕于南阳”，这个事情看起来是真的，但是这个事情它也有两种可能，一种是靠种地来谋生，但是根据诸葛亮的家世来看倒不至于是一个普通农民，因此还有另一种可能就是参加农业生产在当时也是一种雅兴，是一种雅事，后来我们看嵇康，嵇康是打铁的，你说他就是个铁匠吗？他不是，用现在的话说是玩儿酷。当然诸葛亮到底是谋生还是雅兴现在我们弄不清楚了，但是我可以肯定一条，不管是出于哪一个原因，诸葛亮种地的时候一定是分认真，因为诸葛亮这个人有一个很大的优点是我非常敬佩他的，就是做事情一丝不苟，这个是很值得我们学习的。而且他当了丞相以后事必躬亲，所有的事情他都是亲历亲为，我怀疑这是他在隆中种地的时候就养成的习惯。但是另一方面，诸葛亮读书却很马虎，《三国志》的说法是“观其大略”，就是说诸葛亮的朋友们读书都非常认真，字字推敲，诸葛亮拿来一看，一目十行，观其大略，相当于后来陶渊明说的“好读书，不求甚解”。这其实是会读书，观其大略就是能够掌握精髓，不求甚解就是善于抓住要害，这叫做会读书，而且在我看来，一个人只要不是做学问的，读书就应该像诸葛亮和陶渊明说的那样观其大略、不求甚解，不要去咬文嚼字，不要去抠那些很小很细的小问题，这正如一个要得天下的人不会计较一城一池的得失，诸葛亮就是这样一个大气的人。
“I’m afraid this sentence is a bit of a cliche. Why did you leave the mountain without seeking knowledge?”? “Working hard in Nanyang” seems to be true, but there are also two possibilities for this matter. One is to earn a living by farming, but according to Zhuge Liang’s family background, he is not an ordinary farmer. Therefore, there is another possibility that participating in agricultural production was also an elegant activity at that time. Later, we saw Ji Kang as a blacksmith. Do you think he was a blacksmith? He’s not, in current parlance, playing cool. Of course, it’s not clear whether Zhuge Liang is making a living or enjoying a good life now, but I can be sure that for any reason, Zhuge Liang must be careful when farming, because Zhuge Liang has a great advantage that I admire him very much, that is, he is meticulous in doing things, which is very worthy of our learning. “And after becoming prime minister, he has been personally involved in everything, and he has personally done everything. I suspect this is a habit he developed when he was farming in Longzhong.”. On the other hand, Zhuge Liang was careless in his reading. The phrase in “The Records of the Three Kingdoms” means that Zhuge Liang’s friends read very carefully and carefully. Zhuge Liang took a look at it, looked at it in ten lines, and observed its outline, which is equivalent to what Tao Yuanming later said, “Good at reading, without seeking a thorough understanding.”. “This is actually a matter of being able to read. To understand the general idea is to grasp the essence, and not to seek a thorough understanding is to be good at grasping the key points. This is called being able to read. In my opinion, as long as one is not a scholar, one should observe the general idea and not seek a thorough understanding, as Zhuge Liang and Tao Yuanming have said. Don’t chew words and don’t pick on small and delicate issues. Just as a person who wants to win the world doesn’t care about the gains and losses of one city and one pool,”, Zhuge Liang is such an atmospheric person.
