＊历史上的空城计看来是有的，但是它不属于诸葛亮，而是属于曹操。通过易中天先生的以上分析可以看出，每个人都有自己心目中的三国历史，每个人也都会站在不同的角度点评三国人物，所以这就造成了空城计这种张冠李戴的冤假错案。那么，我们现代人应该根据什么标准来看待三国这段历史呢？
The empty city plan in history seems to exist, but it does not belong to Zhuge Liang, but to Cao Cao. From the above analysis by Mr. Yi Zhongtian, it can be seen that everyone has their own history of the Three Kingdoms in their minds, and everyone also comments on the characters of the Three Kingdoms from different perspectives. Therefore, this has led to such unjust and false cases as the Empty City Plan. So, according to what standards should we modern people view the history of the Three Kingdoms?
现在我们知道了，历史有三种形象：历史形象，文学形象，民间形象。那我们应该怎样看待历史呢？我个人的看法还是首先要弄清楚历史的本来面目，就是弄清楚历史形象。
Now we know that history has three types of images: historical images, literary images, and folk images. So how should we view history? In my personal opinion, the first step is to clarify the true nature of history, that is, to clarify the historical image.
对于三国来说，还是要读《三国志》。三国志的作者叫陈寿，是现在四川省南充市人。陈寿完成《三国志》这部著作的时间距离西晋统一中国只有五年，就是相隔的时间不是很久。第二点呢，陈寿这个人治学非常严谨，他收集来的材料但凡是他觉得可疑的，他宁肯不用，留下来的应该说是基本可靠。但是正是因为陈寿有这样一个特点，所以《三国志》这本书非常地简略，不是太好看。所以过了130年，又有裴松之来为《三国志》做了注。一般人为古书做注主要是进行一些解释，比方说名词解释、动词解释、时代背景介绍，怕你看不懂，做一个注。裴松之的注不一样，裴松之把陈寿弃而不用的材料，以及陈寿写《三国志》所看不到的材料有选择地补充了进去。补充的时候裴松之也做了一个甄别工作，就是他认为不可靠的材料，他会在后面加以说明，就是我认为这个东西是靠不住的，我认为这个时不可能的，理由是什么什么什么。那么如果几个材料是矛盾的，裴松之就采取并存的方式，罗列在这里，让后来的读者自己去甄别。所以裴松之的注也是比较可靠的。
For the Three Kingdoms, it is still necessary to read “Records of the Three Kingdoms”. The author of the Three Kingdoms Annals is Chen Shou, a native of Nanchong City, Sichuan Province. The time when Chen Shou completed the work “Three Kingdoms Annals” was only five years before the Western Jin Dynasty unified China, which was not a long time apart. The second point is that Chen Shou is very strict in the study of human governance. He would rather not use the materials he collected if he thought they were suspicious, and the ones he left behind should be said to be basically reliable. But precisely because Chen Shou has such a characteristic, the book “Three Kingdoms Annals” is very concise and not too good looking. So after 130 years, Pei Songzhi made a note for the “Three Kingdoms Annals”. The main purpose of annotation for ancient books is to provide some explanations, such as noun explanations, verb explanations, and background introductions. In case you don’t understand, make a annotation. Pei Songzhi’s notes are different. Pei Songzhi selectively added materials that Chen Shou abandoned and did not use, as well as materials that Chen Shou could not see in his “Three Kingdoms Annals”. When adding, Pei Songzhi also did a screening job on materials that he believed were unreliable. He will explain later that I believe this thing is unreliable, and I believe it is impossible at this time. What is the reason. If several materials are contradictory, Pei Songzhi adopts a coexistence approach and lists them here for later readers to identify. Therefore, Pei Songzhi’s note is also relatively reliable.
所以要弄清三国的历史面目，历史形象，也就是这两个东西：陈寿的《三国志》、裴松之的注，寿志裴注。但是文学形象和民间形象也不是没有意义的，比方说空城计这个故事，钱钟书先生就认为是“不欺售欺”的典型，什么叫“不欺售欺”呢？就是以不欺骗来欺骗。我这里面没有人，我明明白白就告诉你是没有人啊，结果呢，对方还不相信。你越是说我这城里面真的没有兵，他越不相信。这叫做“不欺售欺”，钱先生认为这是一个典型。
Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the historical features and images of the Three Kingdoms, namely, these two things: Chen Shou’s “Records of the Three Kingdoms”, Pei Songzhi’s notes, and Shouzhi Pei’s notes. However, literary images and folk images are not meaningless. For example, the story of the empty city plot is considered by Mr. Qian Zhongshu to be a typical example of “not bullying and selling”. What is “not bullying and selling”? Is to cheat by not cheating. “I don’t have anyone in here, and I told you plainly that there’s no one. As a result, the other person still doesn’t believe me.”. The more you say that there are really no soldiers in my city, the less he believes it. This is called “no bullying, sales bullying,” and Mr. Qian believes it is a typical example.
因此《三国演义》这本书历来被当作兵书来看。明清之际，清人要入关，他们就用《三国演义》做教材。当时把《三国演义》翻译为满文，印了一千份，作为内部文件发给一定级别的贵族和官员阅读。甚至还有这样的故事，说是有一个满洲将军结识了一个汉人，成了朋友以后这个满洲将军说，你这汉人不错，来来来，你到我房间来，我给你看一个内部文件，不公开的。打开一看，《三国演义》。因为哪怕就像空城计那样的例子，它也有心理学的问题，它实际上是一个心理战。所以为三国演义做批文的毛宗岗父子他有个说法，他说只有谨慎的人才不会做大胆的事，也只有谨慎的人才最能够做大胆的事，因为这个谨慎的人他一生都小心谨慎，他突然大胆一回没人相信。诸葛亮就是一个很谨慎的人，叫做诸葛一生惟谨慎，他谨慎了一辈子突然来一个空城计，那司马懿不相信了，因为只记住了他平时的小心谨慎。当然这个事情也就是碰上了司马懿是个知识分子，想问题比较复杂，所以后来有个叫魏禧的人说了，他说如果是碰上一伙山贼，一伙强盗，土匪，他哪想那么多，管他娘的老子进去再说！诸葛亮不就抓走了吗？
Therefore, the book “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” has always been viewed as a military book. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, when the Qing people wanted to enter the customs, they used “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms” as a textbook. At that time, the “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” was translated into Manchu and printed in 1000 copies, which were sent as internal documents to certain nobles and officials for reading. There are even stories about a Manchurian general who met a Han and became a friend. After that, the Manchurian general said, “You’re a good Han. Come on, come on, come to my room, and I’ll show you an internal document, which is not public.”. Open it and have a look at “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms”. Because even in an example like the Empty City Plan, it also has psychological problems, and it is actually a psychological war. Therefore, Mao Zonggang and his son, who wrote the approval for the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, had a statement. He said that only prudent people would not do bold things, and only prudent people would be the most able to do bold things. Because this prudent person had been cautious all his life, he suddenly became bold and no one believed him. Zhuge Liang is a very cautious person, known as Zhuge Yiyi, who has been cautious all his life and suddenly came up with an empty city plan. Sima Yi didn’t believe it because he only remembered his usual caution. Of course, this thing is that Sima Yi is an intellectual, and the problem is relatively complex. So a person named Wei Xi later said that if he encountered a group of mountain bandits, a group of bandits, and bandits, he wouldn’t have thought so much about it, let alone his mother-in-law! Isn’t Zhuge Liang captured?
